The study discusses the topic of transport accessibility in Poland and the Russian Federation. The authors have analysed the principles of acquiring land for the construction of public roads, network development and problems that accompany the development of national roads. Since the political transformation at the beginning of the 1990’s, Poland and Russian Federation have been in the need of legislative changes that would facilitate the acquisition of land for road investments. The study presents the dynamic development of the national roads system in Poland, after the accession to the European Union, and improvement of the communication system in the Russian Federation.