Monitoring of the Influence of Landfills on the Atmospheric Air Using Bioindication Methods on the Example of the Zhytomyr Landfill, Ukraine

The paper presents the results of research on the implementation of monitoring of the landfills influence on the atmospheric air using bioindication methods on the example of the Zhytomyr landfill (Ukraine)–one of the typical Ukrainian landfills, which is operated with minimal environmental protection measures. A comprehensive study of atmospheric air pollution in the landfill area was carried out using a human sensor system and an integral assessment using bioindication (lichens were chosen as bioindicators). The study revealed a reliable exponential dependence for modeling the relationship between the distance from the source of gas formation (solid waste landfill in the city of Zhytomyr) and the intensity of odor. The level of atmospheric air pollution was also determined based on the assessment of the projective coverage of the tree trunk with lichens. The research revealed an exponential dependence for modeling the relationship between the distance from the landfill boundary and the total coverage of the tree trunk with lichens. The results of the analysis confirmed the correctness of the use of the aforementioned method. The relationship between the results obtained by the lichen indication method and the strength of the odor from the landfill was evaluated. Based on the results of calculating the relative values of the assessment of atmospheric air pollution by the method of coverage of the tree trunk with lichens and the strength of the odor, a regression analysis was carried out and mathematical relationships were determined, that most accurately describe the change in these indicators with distance from the landfill boundary. It is proved that both tested methods can be used in Ukrainian realities to monitor the state of atmospheric air in the area of influence of municipal landfills, depending on the purpose of research. The analysis of the research results confirmed the significance of the results of the obtained assessment of the impact of the Zhytomyr solid waste landfill on the state of atmospheric air. The materials of these studies can find further application for the formation of databases of knowledge of landfills, which will allow to develop a strategy for managing them as an object of increased environmental hazard.


INTRODUCTION
The functioning of human society is inextricably linked with the formation and accumulation of solid waste, among which a particular environmental hazard is posed by landfills for mining and chemical waste (Gorova et  Since the 90s of the twentieth century, the study of the impact of municipal solid waste landfills on the state of the environment has received a lot of attention from scientists in most countries of the world. According to The 1st Waste Atlas Report, almost 40% of the world's waste is found in open landfills, most of which are located near urban areas, posing a great threat to human health and the environment (Waste Atlas Report, 2013).
Hundreds of thousands of tons of municipal waste are accumulated annually in urban Monitoring of the Influence of Landfills on the Atmospheric Air Using Bioindication Methods on the Example of the Zhytomyr Landfill, Ukraine landfills, even in an average city. When decomposing, they poison the air, soil, groundwater and thus pose a serious threat to the environment and humans. In 2014, Waste Atlas The World's 50 Biggest Dumpsites visualized data (the study used 59,000 files from 25 countries, collected through crowdsourcing) on the world's biggest landfills. The report shows that the world's 50 biggest landfills affect the lives of 64 million people every day (Waste Atlas The World's 50 Biggest Dumpsites, 2014).
Over the past decades, the global amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing by 3-6% annually. In 2000, Ukraine generated an average of 180 kg of municipal solid waste per capita, in 2010 this figure increased to 270 kg, in 2019 the annual amount of waste per capita is about 300 kg and tends to increase.
Despite the fact that the specific indicators of waste generation in Ukraine are still significantly lower than the European average (about 503 kg per capita per year) and lower than the indicators of the new EU member states (420 kg per capita), in 2017 Ukraine was in 9th place in the ranking of countries with the highest amount of garbage per capita according to the American agency 24/7 Wall Street (Byrnes & Frohlich, 2019).
A typical scheme for the management of municipal solid waste in Ukraine is their indivisible collection and disposal (> 90%). In 2014, Ukraine set itself the goal of harmonizing its national legislation in the field of solid waste management with European standards. It is planned to implement the EU Directives on waste management, which regulate waste management in European countries, provide a clear sequence of actions to be taken with waste, classify waste, set a strategic goal to reduce the amount of waste that is taken to landfills. (Mishchenko et  However, at present the problem of landfills remains relevant for Ukraine, as the total amount of waste accumulation in Ukraine is about 30 billion tons, and about 160 thousand hectares of land are occupied by waste. And this is one of the highest rates of waste accumulation in the world. Municipal solid waste is disposed at more than 6,700 landfills and dumps with a total area of about 9 thousand hectares (Popovych, 2019). The majority of landfills operate in overload mode, i.e. with a significant violation of design indicators for the volume of waste accumulation, causing considerable environmental pollution in the area affected by landfills (Popovych et al., 2018. In Ukraine, 10 years ago (Radovenchyk & Gomel, 2010) almost 6% of facilities were overloaded, and 15.3% did not meet environmental safety standards. Today, their location, equipment and conditions do not meet regulatory requirements, which increases the environmental hazard of these facilities. They are equipped without modern engineering and environmental requirements, so such landfills can be potentially dangerous for both the environment and human health (Korbut, 2015).
Due to the variety of garbage entering landfills and dumps, it is quite difficult to assess the chemical composition of the stored waste; the formation of a significant amount of toxic leachate and gases capable of spontaneous combustion occur in its thickness, as well as the development of pathogens (Korbut & Malovanyy, 2013.
Landfills and especially landfills for municipal solid waste are powerful sources of pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil (Osipova & Remez, 2015, Vambol et al., 2017). Free exit of landfill gas into the environment causes a number of negative consequences, in particular, it leads to the pollution of the atmosphere of the surrounding territories with toxic compounds, which, moreover, have an unpleasant odor (Stalinska, 2016, Safranov et al., 2016. Studies have shown that the main odorous substances emitted from the landfills are styrene, toluene, xylene, acetone, methanol, n-butanone, n-butylaldehyde, acetic acid, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and ammonia (Fang et al., 2012;Wu C et al., 2018).
More than 50 NMVOCs have been identified in untreated landfill gas (sulfur compounds led to the greatest increase in odor strength) ( This causes complaints from people who live nearby about the unpleasant smell, as well as health problems. The odor can be irritating, even if the odorous substance is not hazardous to health. The gas and unpleasant smells from landfills spread to a distance of up to 300-400 meters. If the landfill is located near a residential area, conflicts often arise, since the smell of the landfill significantly worsens the living conditions of people (Stolaroff et al., 2012, Sagdeeva 2018Lee et al., 2018).
Monitoring of the impact of landfills on the environment is a modern form of implementing the processes of environmental activity using informatization means. It provides regular assessment and forecasting of the state of the society living environment and the conditions for the functioning of ecosystems for making management decisions on environmental safety, preserving the natural environment and rational use of natural resources.
The process of monitoring and assessing the state of the environment is considered as a sequence of interrelated actions, starting with the identification of information needs and ending with the use of the obtained information product. Evaluation of the obtained information can lead to the determination of new needs or to the revision of existing ones, starting a new sequence of actions.
Assessment of the degree of environmental hazard using the human sensory system is probably the most subjective, however, taking odor measurements can allow you to objectively assess the real extent of the problem (Cheng et al., 2019).
After the indication of environmental hazards using the human sensory system, there is an important task to make an integrated assessment of atmospheric air, which can be obtained using biological methods, due to the ability of bioindicators to comprehensively characterize the diversity of pollutants (Manning & Feder 1985, Badtiyev & Kulemin, 2001. Lichens were chosen as bioindicators. The reason for the increased vulnerability of lichens to atmospheric pollution is in the anatomical, morpho-physiological features of the symbiont. Lichens are characterized by a long life span, the absence of gas and water exchange organs and, as a result, little ability to self-regulate due to the absence of protective barriers and a great dependence on the physicochemical properties of the environment. The positive qualities regarding the assessment of the degree of pollution, in addition to those listed, include: speed of diagnosis and its low cost; due to their high prevalence-the ability to cover large territories; integral assessment of the result of long-term action of anthropogenic pollution (Trass, 1973, Trass, 1985, S. Ya. Kondratyuk, 2016).
The aim of the study was to introduce monitoring of the impact of landfills on the atmospheric air using bioindication methods on the example of the Zhytomyr landfill (Ukraine). A comprehensive study of atmospheric air pollution in the landfill area has been carried out using a human sensor system and an integral assessment by means of bioindication.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The object of the study was the solid waste landfill in the city of Zhytomyr (Ukraine)-one of the typical Ukrainian landfills, which is operated with minimal implementation of environmental protection measures.
All municipal waste of the city is disposed of without prior sorting at the landfill ( Fig. 1.), which has become a source of intense pollution of the atmosphere, groundwater, and in general -a threat of an epidemic state and requires improvement of the waste disposal process. The municipal solid waste landfill has been in operation since 1957, its total area is 21.6 hectares. The solid waste landfill was established on the site of the Kroshensky brick factory quarry, spontaneously, without a project. At the time of its commissioning, the requirements for the existence of the project were not legally regulated. This situation is typical for many cities in the country. Every year about 500,000 m 3 of municipal solid waste is accumulated at the landfill. The total amount of waste buried at the landfill is 145,000,000 m 3 .
The geographical location of the solid waste landfill in the city of Zhytomyr is quite specific (Fig. 2.) and allows a variety of comprehensive research; the shortest distance of the land plot from: city limits -0.65 km; residential and public buildings -0.514 km; agricultural lands -0.05 km; forest plantation (forest) -0.05 km; the Kroshenka River (left tributary of the Kamyanka River, which in turn is a left tributary of the Teteriv River) -1200 m; adjacent to the quarry of Kroshensky brick factory.
To evaluate the intensity of odor in the zone of influence of municipal solid waste landfills, the statistical method ASTM E544 (ASTM E544-18) was chosen, which is used to quantitatively express the intensity of the smell of a substance or environment by comparing it with the so-called «static scale»; the method was tested for the first time in Ukraine.
ASTM E544 was first published in 1975 as a method to evaluate odor intensity utilizing references as anchors on the scale. N-butanol was chosen and utilized as the reference scale due to its availability and generally neutral hedonic tone (not overly pleasant or unpleasant). The standard practice allows for two methods for a reference scale: 1) static and 2) dynamic. The static method utilizes specific aqueous solutions of n-butanol in jars or flasks for the assessors to reference. The dynamic method allows for use of an olfactometer device to present reference concentrations of n-butanol in air. The ASTM International Standard Practice for evaluation of odor intensity with n-butanol reference has been revised and published in October 2018 as ASTM E544-18. The ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products has recently published a revision of ASTM E544. A few major edits were made, but basic principles of the method remained unchanged.
The smell of the sample was compared, rejecting the qualitative characteristic of the smell, in intensity with the scale of prepared solutions by 8 independent assessments. The evaluators reported a point on the scale the odor intensity of which was closest to that of the sample. Independent evaluations were statistically processed and calculated, the overall result was reported as the concentration in ppm of 1-butanol in water.
Solutions of 1-butanol in water were prepared using pipettes and flasks applying standard laboratory methods of solution preparation. The solutions were placed in 500 ml Erlenmeyer wideneck conical flasks. The volume of the solutions was 200 ml and was replaced with fresh solution after a maximum of 2 hours. Between odor assessments, the flasks were covered with aluminum foil to ensure the state of balance between the solutions and the free volume of the flasks. The flasks were gently shaken by each evaluator before evaluating the odor to achieve the balance. The temperature of the reference solutions during the test was background (did not differ much from the ambient temperature), was noted in the report and was kept constant during the test.
The detection limit of 1-butanol odor in water is 2.5 ppm (hereinafter, the concentration is indicated in ppm-parts per million, based on volume, 1 ppm = 1 μL/1 L) at 210 C. The beginning of the scale took higher concentrations; the top of the scale did not reach 70,800 ppm-the solubility limit of butanol in water at 300 °C. The most useful concentration range is between 10 and 20,000 ppm. This interval was covered by using 12 flasks with solutions in which the concentration changed exponentially with the factor of 2-in the first flask the concentration was 10 ppm, in the second -20, etc. The scale points (flasks with solutions) were stored in a systematic order, in ascending order of concentration and numbered from 1 for the lowest concentration of butanol and above. The points of correspondence of the sample odor to the scale were indicated by the scale numbers (flask numbers), the positions between the points of the scale (if the odor was stronger than the odor of one of the points on the scale and weaker than the odor of the next point) or points that were higher than the scale endpoints (when the odor of the sample was less intense than the odor of the lowest point of the scale or more intense than the odor of the highest point).
Calculation of the final result: 1. The results of all evaluators were converted from scale points to ppm of 1-butanol. If the value was not integer (for example, the odor was on a scale between 7 and 8), then the geometric mean was taken between the concentrations corresponding to the highest and lowest point. 2. The geometric mean of the results of all evaluators was determined. For this purpose, the logarithms of all results in ppm were taken, the arithmetic mean of them was found, and then the antilogarithm of the obtained arithmetic mean was taken. 3. The standard deviation for the logarithms of the concentrations was determined.
At the same time, the optimal (from the point of view of the research goal) method of bioindication was chosen-the determination of atmospheric air pollution based on the evaluation of the projective coverage of the trunk with lichens, which allowed to transfer the research from the descriptive plane to a mathematical basis.
At the selected sites (at a distance of 500 m, 400 m, 300 m, 200 m and 100 m from the landfill boundary), all species of well-lit, separately growing deciduous trees were surveyed. Lichens were described at a height of 1.5-2.0 m from the soil surface, as well as at the base of trees (phorophytes) from the genera poplar, maple, willow, ash, birch, and others. Two more sites were also examined: a control site in the recreational area of the city and a site at a distance of 1000 meters from the landfill. A total of 10 old but healthy trees growing separately were examined. The month of November was chosen for the study. Using the method of zoning the purity of the air according to lichens and the point scale of the projective cover of the tree trunk, the level of air pollution for each site was determined (Krasnogorskaya et al. 2004).
In the course of the study, the degree of tree trunk coverage with lichens was calculated, and such indicators were determined: the average percentage of each lichen species (for a deeper and more detailed analysis), the total percentage of tree trunk coverage, the dominant species and its number. Based on the data obtained, the area was determined according to a 5-point scale of the projective coverage of the tree trunk (Table 1).
After processing all the data, the areas under study were distributed according to a 5-point scale of the projective coverage of the tree trunk and according to the degree of air pollution. We also performed statistical processing, comparison of results and correlation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first stage of the study was to evaluate the odor and determine the dependence of its intensity on the distance to the object of study. In the area under study, the western wind direction prevails -1 8.5% (Figure 3). It is from the leeward side that the strongest smell is observed, which brings discomfort to the local population (in addition, residential and public buildings are located to the east of the landfill).
The first point for assessing the odor in the impact zone of the landfill was laid at a distance of 500 m -on the boundary of the sanitary protection zone (State building codes of Ukraine, 2005), others -every 100 meters to the landfill (a total of 6 points). We were moving along Andriyivskyi Proyizd Street in the direction of the landfill (Figure 4). For each point of the study, its coordinates were determined using www.google. ru/maps ( Table 2).
At each of the selected points according to the ASTM E544 method, eight independent evaluators performed an assessment of the odor, rejecting the qualitative characteristic of the odor (only by intensity). Each expert determined the strength of the odor using samples in flasks labeled 1-12 (on a scale of prepared solutions - Table 3). The results of the study and their statistical analysis are grouped in Table 4.
Using the odor intensity scale the final result for each point was calculated. The results of the study are grouped in Table 5. To confirm the reliability of the results, an evaluation of the smell of odorous gases in the solid waste landfill was also performed and such result was obtained: 18766,142 ppm-the corresponding odor in the concentration of n-butanol, ppm.
In order to process the obtained results, the method of regression analysis was chosen, which is relevant in ecology. Regression statistics showed that the coefficient of determination is equal to 0.99, which characterizes the quality of the obtained regression line. Since the coefficient of determination is higher than 80%, the model can be considered valid.
Based on the calculations, an exponential dependence ( Figure 5) was found to model the interdependence between the distance from the gas source (landfill in Zhytomyr) and the odor intensity. y = 7890.8e -0.01x R² = 0.9987 The results of the analysis confirmed the correctness of using the above method.
After the experiment, a natural question arose: is the presence of odor an indicator of air  pollution in the area affected by the landfill? Is there a relationship between the strength of the stench from the landfill and air pollution and, most importantly, what signs can be used to assess the extent of landfill gas pollution. The composition of landfill gas depends on many factors: season, climatic zone, air temperature and humidity, features of design and operation of the landfill, its age and the composition of garbage that enters the landfill. However, the potential danger of the object of study in terms of assessment of atmospheric air is its unpredictability: it is too difficult to estimate and, moreover, to predict the composition of landfill gas, because the composition and amount of garbage entering the landfill is not controlled. Also, frequent uncontrolled fires and imperfect technology of burning of untreated landfill gas create problems with toxic combustion products: primarily with sulfur dioxide (when burning hydrogen sulfide). However, according to the "Methodology for the Development of Environmental Impact Assessment for Solid Waste Management Facilities", it is currently recommended in Ukraine to investigate the presence of only a few harmful gases that have an unpleasant odor, pollute the air and create a fire hazard, namely CH, NH, HS, CO, PH.
According to the authors, the actual research method in this case is bioindication-a comprehensive assessment of the intensity and consequences of long-term environmental pollution by the presence of indicator organisms, taxonomic composition of cenoses or deviations in the normal development of organisms.
Lichens deserve special attention in terms of the purpose of the study, being a sensitive indicator of general air pollution due to their structure. Since they have no integumentary tissue and are hygroscopic due to mycelium, the algal   Fig. 4. The direction of movement during the study of odor in the area of influence of the landfill component is extremely sensitive to air pollution (especially by sulfur dioxide). Lichens, especially epiphytes, are the most sensitive indicator of general air pollution, as they are nourished directly from the environment-from precipitation, dew, fog, and dust that settle on «thallus.» The average age of lichens is from 30 to 80 years, for some-a few hundred years, but they grow very slowly-1-8 mm per year.
Lichens have been selected for global monitoring due to their sensitivity, low variability (compared to other organisms), widespread distribution and long lifespan. The most informative are the methods of lichen indication in the study of large areas and the presence of a powerful source of air pollution.
The location of the research object facilitates the research through lichen indication-many deciduous trees grow around the landfill. The authors chose a method for determining air pollution based on the assessment of the projective coverage of the trunk with lichens (which is allowed by the location of the object of study).
At different distances from the landfill, all species of well-lit, separately growing deciduous trees were examined. Lichens were described at a height of 1.5-2.0 m from the soil surface, as well as at the base of trees (phorophytes) from   the genera poplar, maple, willow, ash, birch, and others. A total of 10 old but healthy trees growing separately were examined. The research was conducted in November 2020, the results of the study are grouped in Table 6 Lichens are constantly negatively affected, which is confirmed by their decrease in the experimental areas. By the decrease in the number of lichens, one can judge the extent of stress in the zone of influence of the research object.
According to the degree of sensitivity to anthropogenic factors, there are 10 classes of poleotolerance (H.H. Trass, 1985): the species belongs to the class, under anthropogenic conditions of which it is most often found, has high indicators of coverage and vitality, ie, it is an indicator of these conditions. The analysis of the species composition of lichens and their comparison with the classes of poleotolerance and habitat types of epiphytic lichens confirmed the correctness of this method: when approaching the landfill, the number of lichen species decreased. From a distance of 100 meters and closer only Graphis (Graphis scripta (L.) Ash.) could be seen on the trees.
Using the method of zoning the purity of air by lichens and the point scale of projective coverage of the tree trunk, the level of air pollution was determined for each area. After processing all the data, the studied areas were distributed on a 5-point scale of projective tree trunk coverage and the degree of air pollution (Table 7).
Based on the obtained data, only the control area (which was laid in the residential area) and the area located at a distance of 1000 m from the landfill are clean.
In order to process the obtained results, the method of regression analysis was chosen to assess the dependence of the total degree of lichen tree coverage on the distance from the landfill boundary. Regression statistics showed that the coefficient of determination is equal to 0.87. The type of the obtained dependence is presented in Figure 6. y = 15.507e 0.0022x Based on the calculations, an exponential dependence was found for modeling the interdependence between the distance from the landfill boundary to the general degree of lichen coverage of a tree trunk. The results of the study confirmed the correctness of using the abovementioned method.
A zoning was carried out by the air pollution in the area of influence of the solid waste landfill in the city of Zhytomyr, the analysis of which indicates a clear trend in relation to atmospheric air pollution in the vicinity of the solid waste landfil. It allowed to draw a conclusion about the possibility of using this bioindication method to study the state of atmospheric air in the process of monitoring solid waste landfills, which is not only ecologically expedient, but also more optimal in terms of cost, in comparison with existing instrumental methods.
We performed an analysis of the relationship between the results obtained by the lichen indication method and the strength of the odor from the landfill. For the convenience of comparing methods, the indicators were brought into one mathematical plane. The strength of the odor was expressed as a percentage. The odor strength at the landfill-the strongest odor (corresponding to n-butanol -18766.142 ppm)-was taken as 100%, after which the odor strength was calculated proportionally in percentage in other studied points (according to the table "The results of the study to assess the strength of the odor in the area affected by the solid waste landfill (concentration of n-butanol, ppm)"). Also the concept of «the degree of non-coverage of the tree trunk by lichens» was introduced, which is also interpreted as a percentage (from the possible one hundred percent the percentage of tree trunk coverage by lichens at each study point was subtracted). The next step in generalizing the results for comparison was the introduction of a relative scale «relative non-coverage of the tree trunk by lichens», where for a distance of 0 m a conditional value of 100% was taken, and a relative scale «relative odor», where also for a distance of 0 m a conditional value of 100% was taken. The results of the calculations are given in Table 8.
Based on the results of calculating the relative values of atmospheric pollution evaluation by the method of coverage of the tree trunk with lichens and the strength of odor, regression analysis was performed and mathematical dependences were identified that most accurately describe the change of these indicators from the landfill boundary ( Figure 7). Thus, the change in odor intensity at a distance from the landfill is linear and is described by the dependence: y = -0.1317x + 99.999 This mathematical dependence is due to the discrete characteristics of the results of measurements for a certain time interval and a small number of factors that influenced the result. In fact, the level of odor depends only on the distance to the landfill. When measuring in other weather conditions (humidity level, precipitation, wind force), the smell from the landfill can spread to another distance, and therefore the coefficients in mathematical dependence will change, but its form will remain linear. The obtained mathematical dependence characterizes the average level of influence of the landfill on the state of atmospheric air, as the measurements were performed from the leeward side and at the most typical wind speed for the area.
The coverage of tree trunks with lichens with the change of distance to the boundary of the landfill changes according to the polynomial mathematical dependence: y = -7E-07x 3 + 0.0002x 2 -0.0302x + 100.01 Bioindication of the state of atmospheric air with the help of lichens allows to characterize the level of its pollution over a long period, due to the long duration of their life. This to some extent determines the form of mathematical dependence obtained, because at the change of wind speed or other weather conditions and at the reduction of the landfill influence area, lichens that grow over long distances may not be suppressed, or experience it to a lesser extent. During such periods, pollutants are localized in a smaller area and their impact on the condition of lichens near the landfill is more pronounced than on windy and clear days. That is,  the response of lichens to air pollution characterizes a certain average value over a long period of exposure. That is why the relative indicators of the degree of non-coverage of tree trunks with lichens when approaching the landfill boundary are slightly higher than the average odor intensity, which characterizes the current air pollution.
At the landfill boundary, the influence on the state of atmospheric air is constant and strong. Therefore, its use as a 100% indicator for both factors studied is acceptable. The correctness of the obtained mathematical dependences is confirmed by high values of the reliability of the approximation, which is 0.9987 for the intensity of odor and 0.9999 for the degree of non-coverage of tree trunks with lichens. Both of the tested methods can be used in Ukrainian realities to monitor the state of atmospheric air in the area affected by municipal landfills, depending on the purpose of the study.
To determine the area of influence of the landfill, forecast indicators were calculated for both factors studied (Figure 7).
The forecast indicators outline the zone of influence of the Zhytomyr city landfill at a distance of 600 m from the landfill boundary. However, according to the State Sanitary Rules for Planning and Development of Settlements, the sanitary protection zone around dumps and landfills is only 500 m. This necessitates the revision of standards and the introduction of stricter control over the state of the environment in the area of influence of such objects, which should include not only monitoring of atmospheric air, but also control of surface and groundwater, instrumental analysis of soil, research of species composition and diversity of flora and fauna in the affected area.
The analysis of the results of the conducted research confirmed the significance of the results of the obtained assessment of the influence of the Zhytomyr landfill on the state of atmospheric air.

CONCLUSIONS
A study was conducted on the intensity of odor from the municipal waste landfill in Zhytomyr (Ukraine) using a human sensory system (ASTM E544 method). It revealed a reliable exponential dependence for modeling the interdependence between the distance from the gas source (the Zhytomyr solid waste landfill) and the odor intensity.
The authors determined the level of atmospheric air pollution on the basis of the assessment of the projective coverage of the trunk with lichens. The analysis of the species composition of lichens and their comparison with the classes of poleotolerance and habitat types of epiphytic lichens confirmed the correctness of this method. Based on the calculations, an exponential dependence was found for modeling the interdependence between the distance from the landfill boundary to the general degree of coverage of the tree trunk with lichens. The results of the study confirmed the correctness of the use of the above method.
An analysis was made of the relationship between the results obtained by the lichen indication method and the strength of the odor from the landfill, for which the results of both studies were interpreted as a percentage and their absolute and relative values were identified. Based on the results of calculation of the relative values of evaluation of atmospheric air pollution by the method of coverage of the tree trunk with lichens and the strength of the odor, a regression analysis was performed and mathematical dependences were identified that most accurately describe the change of these indicators with distance from the landfill boundary.
To determine the influence area of the landfill, forecast indicators were calculated for both studied factors. They outline the influence area of the Zhytomyr city landfill at a distance of 600 m from the landfill boundary (which is more than the sanitary protection zone -500 m). This necessitates a revision of regulations and the introduction of stricter control over the state of the environment in the area of influence of the object of study.
After conducting 56 studies on odor intensity and 80 evaluations of the general degree of lichen tree trunk coverage, a relationship was found between the strength of the odor from the landfill, the decrease in the degree of lichen tree trunk coverage, and atmospheric air pollution. It is proved that both tested methods can be used in Ukrainian realities to monitor the state of atmospheric air in the area of influence of municipal landfills. The materials of these studies can find further application for the formation of databases of the study of landfills, which will develop a strategy for managing them as an object of increased environmental hazard.