Α Dynamics of Macro Elements Content in Eutric Podzoluvisols for Separation of Wastewater under Jerusalem Artichokes

The application of fertilizers based on sewage sludge significantly affects the formation of the nitrogen fund of sod-podzolic soil, as well as changes in the content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium exchange. The application of such fertilizer under Jerusalem artichoke has a positive effect on the nitrogen content of alkaline hydrolyzed compounds, in particular on increasing the content of mineral and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen fractions. The application of sewage sludge at a dose of 20–40 t/ha and the appropriate compensatory dose of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N90P90K90 helps to increase the content of ammonium nitrogen compounds from 16 to 20–22 mg/kg of soil in the upper (0–20 cm) layer – 28% prevails over the control variant, as well as the content of nitrate nitrogen compounds in the layer 0–40 cm from 1.70 to 2.52–2.64 mg/kg of soil. The ratio of the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen compounds to the nitrogen content of mineral compounds in the experimental conditions changes insignificantly, which indirectly indicates a relatively stable value of this indicator, which changes little under the influence of fertilizers. The application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer significantly affects the change in the content of mobile phosphorus compounds and potassium exchange compounds in the upper (0–40 cm) layer of the soil. However, from a depth of 60 cm, their content decreases sharply and approaches the initial values of the control version. Depending on the application of fertilizers, the indicators of the coefficient of concentration of macronutrients in the soil change significantly, which reflects the ratio of the content of the element in the soil to its content in the control variant. As the rate of sewage sludge increases, the element concentration coefficient increases from 1.27 in the variant with the application of only mineral fertilizers to 2.36 for potassium and for phosphorus – from 1.02 to 1.31. There is a close correlation between the content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and the coefficients of their concentration. This relationship reflects the multiple coefficient of determination, which for phosphorus and potassium is R2 = 0.69 and R2 = 0.90, respectively. The use of fertilizers in the form of compost with sewage sludge and straw of cereals causes similar trends as the introduction of uncomposted sewage sludge. However, this effect has less radical impact with lower absolute nutrient content compared to the introduction of fresh sewage sludge. The application of sewage sludge in the form of compost and uncomposted form contributes to a significant increase in the content of macronutrients in the soil, providing an improvement in the mineral nutrition of cultivated plants, including Jerusalem artichokes.


INTRODUCTION
In the world and in Ukraine, there is a growing interest in growing crops for energy purposes, which include areas of mostly unproductive degraded soils outside of crop rotations. With high biological productivity, such crops respond well to the application of fertilizers, including organic, which not only improve the nutrient regime of the soil, but also contribute to the implementation of its bioproductive and environmental functions. With increasing competition with the cultivation of food crops and limited resources of traditional types of organic fertilizers in agriculture, there is a need to find alternative sources of replenishment of organic raw materials for application as fertilizer for bioenergy crops.
One of the promising areas for solving such problems is the use of non-traditional types of organic fertilizers of sewage sludge, which has a high fertilizing potential and can be used in energy systems of energy crops in compliance with certain environmental requirements.
Sewage sludge (SS), which accumulates in excess in many countries, including Ukraine, has prospects for use in the agricultural sector as a fertilizer, provided that the environmental safety requirements of such use and the permissible content of heavy metals and other pollutants.  Geletukha et al., 2021). This raw material resource should be considered as an important part of energy environmentally friendly biological technologies for growing crops, especially energy.
A promising area of environmentally friendly use of sewage sludge is also the production of compost with its addition and other organic materials, in particular, cereal straw and more. The use of such composts enhances the humus-forming ability of the soil due to the receipt of additional organic matter and intensification of the development of beneficial microflora, which improves the mineral nutrition of plants, which provides increased bioproductivity of agrophytocenoses (Hospоdarenko, 2015, Dubovyi et al., 2018, Ruf, 2019, Kalenskaya et al., 2019 An effective method of wastewater disposal is to use them as fertilizers in compliance with regulatory requirements for the content of pollutants, which helps to solve several problems: reducing the intensity of accumulation in sludge maps of SS and ensuring the flow of organic matter and nutrients to the soil (Madzhd et al., 2017, Yakymenko, 2001, Krutyakova, 2020. Due to the fact that there is a risk of man-made pollution and contamination of trophic chains for the introduction of SS for food crops, its use is for energy crops grown on marginal lands, improves agrochemical, agrophysical indicators of soil cover, provides better implementation of environmental functions. and also causes an increase in the content of organogenic elements of mineral nutrition (Berdnikov et al., 2019, Karbivska et al., 2020. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in growing Jerusalem artichokes as a potential energy crop. This interest in this crop was during the energy crisis of the 1970s, which prompted her research to produce biofuels, as terrestrial plant biomass and tubers can be used for this purpose. (Alla at al, 2014, Onyshchuk, 2004, Sloboda P., Lopushnyak V., 2017). Due to the long-term study of growing conditions, Jerusalem artichoke is considered a very promising specific energy crop that could grow well on marginal lands without competing for highly productive arable land with grain production. Given its tolerance for environmental stresses, including drought and salinity, and strong resistance to plant diseases and pests, Jerusalem artichoke can be considered an alternative energy crop, including miscanthus, which is intensively studied in the United States and Europe. Jerusalem artichoke can be used not only as a raw material for the production of biomass and biofuels (ethanol) and biologically based chemicals, but also as a value-added product for the production of feed, food, sources of bioactive ingredients and more. The process of its bioprocessing is economically competitive (Long,  An important aspect of promoting Jerusalem artichoke culture is its successful use in combating erosion and desertification in some provinces of China. (Yang, et al, 2020). At the same time, some researchers consider Jerusalem artichoke as an invasive species, the spread of which is a threat to biodiversity in ruderal and agricultural environments (Pacanoski & Mehmeti, 2020). This indicates, on the one hand, the high competitiveness of this species and environmental plasticity, and on the other hand, the need to comply with the technological conditions of its cultivation and control over its number and harmfulness.
The study of the use of sewage silt under Jerusalem artichoke showed promising opportunities for its use for phytosequestration of metals metals that fall into the category of dangerous from sewage silt that are transformed in the soil. It is established that increasing the doses of sewage sludge significantly increases the yield of Jerusalem artichoke biomass, and also has a significant effect on the translocation of heavy metals in the aboveground parts of plants (Antonkiewicz et al., 2018).
It is known that growing conditions significantly affect the productivity and quality of products, including tuberous plants ( The purpose of the research is to establish the change in the content of certain organogenic elements of mineral nutrition in sod-podzolic soil with the introduction of different doses of SS and its composts with organic materials under Jerusalem artichokes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Studies to study the effectiveness of sewage sludge under one of the most promising bioenergy crops -Jerusalem artichoke was conducted in a field experiment on sod-podzolic soils of Ivano-Frankivsk region .
The soil of the experimental site is eutric podzoluvisols. Clear redistribution of the colloidal fraction of the eluvial and illuvial horizons. Humus-eluvial (HE) horizon up to 18-25 cm, dark gray, lumpy-dusty, loose, with powder SiO 2 . Eluvial horizon (E) up to 45 cm yellowishwhitish. The illuvial (I) horizon is marked by a pronounced alternation of layers of whitish sand with dense reddish-brown layers of loam up to 8 cm, hydrolytic acidity -3.1 mmol/100 g of soil.
The content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen compounds was 47 mg / kg of soil, mobile phosphorus compounds -64, potassium exchange -42 mg/kg of soil .
SS and composts with a compensatory dose of mineral fertilizers based on the total amount of nutrients introduced in the norm N 90 P 90 K 90 . .
The studies used sewage sludge, which was characterized by the following indicators: humidity -76%, pH -8.1, the content of ash elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 5.0%, 4.0, 3.8 and 1.6, respectively % (in terms of absolutely dry matter). Composts with SS and straw of cereals in the ratio 3: 1 were marked by the following chemical composition: organic matter content -78%, pH HCl -7. To assess the nitrogen fund of the soil for the introduction of SS determined the content of various nitrogen compounds in the soil. To determine the peculiarities of the transformation of phosphorus and potassium compounds in the soil, the concentration coefficients of their compounds were determined by the ratio of the content of each element in the experimental variants to its content in the background (option 1). The value of the concentration coefficients indicates the intensity of leaching processes in the soil (Madzhd et al., 2016).
During the period of experimental research during 2016-2020, the content of total nitrogen in the study of the NSC IGA named after ON Sokolovsky was determined in the studied soil;

RESULTS
Studies have shown that the use of fertilizers significantly affected the formation of the nitrogen fund of sod-medium-podzolic soil ( Table 1).
In particular, the use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N 60 P 60 K 60 contributed to an increase in ni-  (Fig. 1).
It should be noted that despite the wide range of values of nitrogen content of alkaline  (20-40 cm) and decreased with increasing dose fertilizers. The ratio of the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen compounds to the nitrogen content of mineral compounds can be considered a relatively stable indicator of soil characteristics, which varies insignifi cantly depending on the application of fertilizers (Lopushniak & Hrytsuliak, 2021).
The use of SS and composts based on it led to a signifi cant increase in the content of mobile phosphorus compounds and potassium metabolic compounds in sod-podzolic soil. This increase was observed in all variants of the experiment on the soil profi le to a depth of 60 cm. Deeper than 60 cm, the diff erence in the variants of the experiment was less pronounced, and for phosphorusalmost imperceptible (within error) .
The highest values of phosphorus and potassium were recorded in the variants with the introduction of fresh SS and were 90.1 and 96.8 mg/ kg of soil, respectively, mobile compounds of phosphorus and metabolic potassium in the upper (0-20 cm) layer of soil (variant with the highest SS application rate -option 6. In the subsoil layer (20-40 cm) the diff erence was also signifi cant for the experimental variants compared to the control, but the content of mobile phosphorus compounds changed less than the indicators of potassium metabolites. dose N 60-90 P 60-90 K 60-90 the coeffi cient of concentration of phosphorus compounds was 1.01-1.17 in the arable soil layer (0-20 cm), and the soil profi le to a depth of 60 cm increased and varied in the range of 1.02-1, 15 (20-40 cm) (see Fig. 2 and 3).
The highest indicators of the concentration coeffi cients of phosphorus and potassium compounds were recorded in the options with the introduction of fresh SS, namely option 6 (SS -40 t/ha + N 10 P 14 K 58 ) and amounted to 1.26 and 2.34 mg/kg of soil, respectively, in the upper 20 cm)  According to the results of correlation-regression analysis, it was found that the coeffi cient of phosphorus concentration (Fig. 6) depends mostly on the content of mobile compounds in the soil with coeffi cients of determination R 2 = 0.69 and correlation r = 0.72. The multiple regression equation can look like this: y = 62.7482 + 20.2833 • x (1) where: x is the content of mobile phosphorus compounds in the soil, mg/kg of soil; y is the coefficient of phosphorus concentration.
According to the results of correlation-regression analysis, it was found that the coefficient of potassium concentration depends mostly on the content of its metabolic compounds in the soil with the coefficients of determination and correlation R 2 = 0.90, r = 0.93. The multiple regression equation can look like this: y = 39.7151 + 23.4049 • x (2) where: x is the content of potassium metabolites in the soil, mg/kg of soil; y is the coefficient of potassium concentration.

CONCLUSIONS
1. According to numerous studies, Jerusalem artichoke is considered a promising bioenergy crop with diverse uses. 5. Depending on the application of fertilizers, the indicators of the coefficient of concentration of macronutrients in the soil, which reflects the ratio of the content of the element in the soil to its content in the control variant, change significantly. With increasing SS application rate, the concentration coefficient increases from 1.27 in the variant with the application of only mineral fertilizers to 2.36 for potassium and for phosphorus from 1.02 to 1.31.There is a close correlation between the content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and the coefficients of their concentration. This relationship reflects the multiple coefficient of determination, which for phosphorus and potassium is R 2 = 0.69 and R 2 = 0.90, respectively.
6. The use of fertilizers in the form of compost with SS and straw of cereals causes similar trends as the introduction of uncomposted SS. However, this effect has less radical impact with lower absolute nutrient content compared to the introduction of fresh SS 7. The introduction of SS in the form of compost and uncomposted contributes to a significant increase in the content of macronutrients in the soil, improving the mineral nutrition of cultivated plants, including Jerusalem artichokes.