Carbon Footprint Analysis of Cocoa Product Indonesia Using Life Cycle Assessment Methods

The production of cocoa beans in Indonesia into chocolate and other cocoa-derived products produces emissions that pollute the environment. This research aimed to calculate the carbon footprint of the cocoa agroindustry using the Life Cycle Assessment approach in Lampung, Indonesia. The LCA under study is within the scope of Cradle to Grave, starting from nurseries_cocoa plantations_dry cocoa beans_chocolate production_retail, and consumers with emission function units per 1 kg of product. The method refers to the ISO 14040:2006 life cycle assess - ment standard, with the stages of determining objectives and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation of recommendations. Primary data was analyzed using Simapro 9.4.0.2 Software. Secondary data was collected through a literature study. Data analysis shows the highest environmental impact after normaliza - tion resulting from four activities: packaging, transportation from industry to marketing office, and transportation from marketing office to retail. The highest environmental impact is generated by industrial activities, with a total emission of 2.57E -10 per kg of dark chocolate. In this study, GWP 100a emissions from cocoa agroforestry and agroindustry activities within the scope of the Cradle to Grave study were 7.31E +01 kg CO 2-eq per kg dark chocolate. In addition, selecting the type of packaging is an indicator that must be considered. Using a combination of alumi - num foil, paper, and cardboard as packaging causes the second highest emission in the packaging sub-process after transportation from industry to marketing office in industrial activities. It is the 4 th highest of all activities. One of the reasons for the high emissions produced in the final product or cocoa consumed by consumers is no longer in doubt. On the basis of normalization activities, the highest environmental impacts were generated by industrial activities, with a total emission of 2.57E -10 . The use of packaging in packaging and fuel activities in transportation from industry to marketing office activities, industrial activities also use quite a large amount of electrical energy, namely 421.91 kWh.Recommendations for improvement can be identified to reduce the GHG impact and increase energy efficiency. Energy-saving sustainablemethods constitute a challenge for the cocoa agroindustry because they positively impact the reduction of the global warming potential.


INTRODUCTION
The carbon footprint measures the level of GHG emissions resulting from the activities of living things (Frachetti & Apul, 2013). The activities of living things on earth, including the cocoa agroindustry, affect greenhouse gases (GHG) by increasing or decreasing the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A carbon footprint measurement as CO 2 equivalent GHG emissions (CO 2-eq ) consists of CO 2 , CH 4 , and NO 2 emissions (Ramachandra & Mahapatra, 2015).
The cocoa agroindustry sector is responsible for the carbon dioxide emissions related to applyingfertilizers, plant maintenance processes, production processes, plantation fieldwork operations, machinery supply, and various other minor sources. The value of the carbon footprint can be reduced by using renewable resources and more efficient production practices (Desjardins et al., 2020). The carbon footprint of chocolate products is measured over their lifetime, from raw material extraction and direct production to their use and final reuse, recycling, or disposal (Gao et al., 2014). As part of the cocoa supply chain results, Dark chocolate products include cocoa plantations, harvesting, splitting of cocoa pods/ pods to extract fruit seeds, fermentation, drying cocoa beans, shipping to the chocolate industry, distribution, and retail until the product reaches the consumer. In its activities, processes in the cocoa agroindustry supply chain involve the extraction and exploitation of natural resources that negatively impact the environment (Notarnicola et al., 2015), such as biodiversity, loss of soil, land degradation, GHG emissions, water pollution, and solid waste production . The cocoa agroindustry supply chain guarantees that chocolate products produced from cocoa plantations and processed at factories can be obtained by consumers properly (Beamon, 1998). The supply chain includes producers, suppliers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and consumers (Chopra & Meindl, 2013).
Environmental impact calculations can be done using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method (Burman et al., 2018). LCA is a comprehensive and quantitative method for analyzing the environmental impacts of a product or service along the product system chain (ISO, 2016).Carbon footprint can be part of measurement (LCA), focusing on GWP (Weidema et al., 2008). LCA approaches have been developed for a wide range of agricultural products. However, the study of the carbon footprint of Indonesian chocolate products using the LCA approach still needs to be completed. (  cradle to grave. Table 2 shows a study in Indonesia with the same impact as the LCA method of plantation crop products. The production of Lampung Chocolate is processed from dry cocoa beans, which are sourced from the cultivation of cocoa farmers who partner with agroindustry. Raw materials are transported from partner farmers to chocolate factories, an average of 137 km away. The production process is carried out on the bean-to-bar principle, where chocolate products are processed from the beans directly into the chocolate without separating the cocoa butter process.
The magnitude of the environmental impact of Indonesian cocoa needs to be known as a basis for recommendations for increasing environmental performance or reducing environmental impacts, especially GHGs. This study aimed to analyze the carbon footprint of the cocoa agroindustry using a Life Cycle Assessment approach in Lampung Province.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research relies on primary and secondary data. Direct observation and interviews with workers or industry experts were used to collect primary data. Observations were made to determine the energy used and the emissions produced at the chocolate bar processing stage. The primary data comes from observing the processing of chocolate bars in one of the cocoa agroindustries in Bandar Lampung. The method refers to the ISO 14040:2006 standard through a life cycle assessment approach, with the following stages: defining goals and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation of recommendations. Primary data was analyzed using Simapro 9.4.0.2 Software. Secondary data was collected through a literature study. Figure 1 illustrates the framework for LCA stages based on ISO/SNI 14044:2016 (ISO, 2016).

Goal and scope definition
The first step in an LCA work plan is determining the objectives and scope. The research aimed to observe the process stages of a product that has an environmental impact (Curran, 2017) from raw materials to final consumption (cradle-to-grave) (Klopffer & Grahl, 2014). This LCA study used one kg of dark chocolate as the function unit.LCI and LCIA data were obtained through data processing using the simaPro 9.4.0.2 device.

Life cycle inventory (LCI)
Inventory research, specifically identified input-output in product process stages (Cucurachi et al., 2019). Inputs include raw materials and energy resources, while outputs include primary products, by-products, emissions, and waste. Identify completed inputs, processes, and outputs were followed by quantitative calculation. Raw material and auxiliary material input, energy balance, equipment data, mass balance, electricity data, water, and fuel requirements are all examples of input data. In turn, output data include:mass balances of finished products, by-products, solid waste, liquid waste, toxic and hazardous waste. Input-output data was obtained from direct observation of the cocoa agroindustry in Lampung, and plantation data came from farmer observations and literature studies.

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
The environmental impact of the inventory life cycle analysis is assessed through impact analysis (Hauschild & Huijbregts, 2015). Greenhouse gases (GHG) are analyzed as an environmental impact contributing to global warming. GHG emissions are represented in the Global Warming Potential (GWP 100a) (Costa et al., 2021), which is the amount of CO 2 gas output and energy inputs in the life cycle of chocolate.

Interpretation and recommendation
The outcomes of the LCI and LCIA stages should be interpreted in light of the study's objectives and scope. Inferences were drawn from the resultant hotspots during the interpretation step, notably the stages with the highest impact categories that played the most significant contribution. Improvement scenarios were developed, and the impact decrease was assessed. The fourth stage of the LCA is to interpret the inventory and impact analysis results. This phase aims to interpret data from LCI and LCIA studies into several study results for decision-making and policy. The hotspots or process stages that have the most significant impact on the impact are identified and interpreted. These hotspots are a concern for implementing improvement strategies to reduce impact and increase energy efficiency.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Indonesian chocolate life cycle assessment (LCA) approach identifies the process stages that become hotspots and provides recommendations for improvement to realize sustainable and environmentally friendly cocoa agroindustry -Greenhouse Gas Impact to measure the carbon footprint of chocolate products as GHG emissions. The scope observed in this study is cradleto-grave chocolate products, starting from nurseries _ cocoa plantations _ dry cocoa beans _ chocolate production _ retail, and consumers. Assuming a productive tree for 16 years (Beckett, 2000), cocoa plants generally start producing 2.5-3 years after planting. The gain in cocoa fruit production in the first year is usually tiny, but as the age of the cocoa plant grows, the production of cocoa pods will also continue to increase (Edoh Adabe & Ngo-Samnick, 2014). One cocoa pod produces 30-50 seeds (Afoakwa, 2014).The scope of this study is limited to farmers in Lampung province, agroindustry in Bandar Lampung, and consumers in Jakarta, Indonesia. In this study, the functional unit was 1 kg of dark chocolate. The value chain of the "object" to be assessed will be illustrated in Figure 2.
Assumptions are conjectures that are accepted as a basis and as a basis for thinking because they are considered correct. They can be conjectures, estimates, and predictions, of course, obtained based on literature studies. Several technical assumptions are used in this study (Table 3).

Life cycle inventory
LCI analysis entails compiling and quantifying input-output data to conduct life cycle assessments within defined boundaries of research objectives (Meteyer et al., 2014). The following data must be collected input-output data for producing raw materials used to produce products (including primary or secondary materials). Table 4 shows the life cycle inventory of plantation activities. Table 4 shows the input and output processes in cocoa plantation activities. Activities include the treatment phase, harvesting, fermentation, drying and sorting, and transporting dry seed products to the industry. Activities in the industry and the resulting input-output data become the second scope in the cocoa agroindustry phase, as shown in Table 5. Table 5 shows the activity process in the industry, where activities include the stages of making chocolate products until they are packaged and then distributed to be sent to the marketing office. Table 6 shows the input-output process for consuming processed cocoa products, which includes distribution activities from the marketing office to retail and ends with consumers.

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
The characterization of each resource used and the emissions produced are quantitatively modeled using predetermined impact categories. The goal is to change the data on the use of resources and the resulting emissions into a predetermined impact value (CML _ Department of Industrial Ecology, 2016).
On the basis of Figure 3, they have contributed two activities in the consumer sector to the highest GWP, each of 6.93 kg CO 2-eq . In the industrial sector, the last two activities, packaging and transportation from industry to marketing, also contributed to high GWP, namely 6.64 and 6.93 kg CO 2-eq , respectively. The use of plastic polymer-type packaging is the cause of high GWP emissions in packaging and consumption activities (Bianchi et al., 2020), while the use of fossil fuels is the cause of high GWP emissions in transportation from industry to marketing and transportation from marketing office to retail activities.

Interpretation and improvement recommendations
The selection of the packaging type is one indicator that must be considered. According to (Bianchi et al., 2021a), the polypropylene (PP) coating results are the materials with the most negligible impact in all the categories analyzed. The two combinations of aluminum foil with fiber-based materials produce greater impact than PP casings, mainly due to the production of aluminum-based materials. As a result, an aluminum layer plus cardboard is the most impactful solution across all categories. In this study, they use a combination of aluminum foil, paper, and cardboard as packaging caused emissions produced in the packaging sub-process to be the second highest after Transportation from Industry to the Marketing Office in industrial activities and the 4th highest of all activities. Indicate one of the causes of the high emissions produced in end-products or cocoa that consumers use up.
According to Table 7, based on the assessment of the impact of chocolate production, recommendations for improvement can be identified to reduce the impact of GHGs and increase energy efficiency. Planning for energy reduction for the cocoa agroindustry is an effort that needs support, because it positively impactsthe reduction of GWP potential. Energy reduction programs can be implemented in various ways, including increasing energy efficiency and producing energy from waste. All subsystems use energy in the cocoa agroindustry. As a result, energy consumption in each cocoa agroindustry unit can be optimized. Some recommendations for improvement that  can be given include 1) Usecompost in the plantation phase, 2) Minimize the use of packaging that causes impacts, 3) Minimize the use of Electrical Energy, and 4) Develop digitalization in marketing units such as market places to reduce the impact. Minimizing packaging and efficient use of electrical energy is an effort to reduce the impact. Analysis of the environmental impact of the cocoa agroindustry supply chain is a relevant topic with considerable consequences and, at the same time, a concern for the consumers who prefer sustainable products. In addition to environmental factors, there is an increasing demand for cocoa products, so the life cycle limit of dark chocolate proposed through the LCA approach is from the cradle to the grave. Analyses of various situations involvedifferent cocoa-producing countries. Geographical conditions and agricultural techniques have different environmental effects depending on the inputs used. Due to the everyday use of fertilizers and pesticides as well as the proximity of cocoa farms and factories, the case study on cocoa production in Ghana has little impact; however, the water consumption value is higher. Raw material production, mainly cocoa by-products, significantly impact all categories.
Furthermore, a comparison of packaging materials is proposed to analyze various options.
A single layer of PP is recommended, whereas aluminum foil, commonly used with external fiber-based packaging, has a higher environmental impact. Comparative analysis between the two allocation procedures applied to mass and energy content revealed no significant differences, highlighting the validity of the same in its application to cocoa LCA studies. In both cases, dark chocolate outperformed the other two types regarding global environmental performance. This result is also qualitatively confirmed in the case of calories as a functional unit (Bianchi et al., 2021a). Recommendations for improvement can be identified to reduce the GHG impact and increase energy efficiency. Energy-efficient sustainable methods are challenging for the cocoa agroindustry as they positively impact the reduction of potential global warming. Improving the efficiency of energy use and utilizing energy from waste are recommendations in energy reduction planning. Table 6 shows the energy potential generated from dark chocolate production in Lampung.
On the basis of Table 8, improvements to the dark chocolate production system can be carried out in various ways, including reducing energy efficiency, using water and electricity more efficiently, and minimizing waste. They reduce energy consumption to increase economic and environmental sustainability (Mert et al., 2017). Water use efficiency is achieved by minimizing water use or recycling water and reducing the environmental impact on dark chocolate production (Mert et al., 2017). Efficient use is accomplished by reducing the amount of electricity used or utilizing environmentally friendly electricity such as solar, wind, hydropower, ocean or tidal energy, geothermal energy, and biomass (Rudenko et al., 2017). Waste is reduced by implementing clean production (Purwanto, 2021)or green technology (Ngo et al., 2016).

CONCLUSIONS
LCA of chocolate was studied in the scope of cradle to grave, starting from the cocoa plant maintenance phase with the assumption that it is a productive annual plant for up to 20 years, processing dry cocoa beans, industrial processing to chocolate consumption by consumers with a functional unit of 1 kg of dark chocolate products converted into one cycle. The environmental impact considered is the potential for CO 2-eq GHG emissions. In this study, the emission of GWP 100a from agroforestry and cocoa agroindustry activities in the Cradle to Grave study scope was 7.31E +01 kg CO 2-eq per kg of dark chocolate. In addition, selecting the type of packaging is an indicator that must be considered. Using a combination of aluminum foil, paper, and cardboard as packaging causes the second highest emission in the packaging sub-process after transportation from industry to marketing office in industrial activities. It is the 4th highest of all activities. One of the causes of the high emissions produced in end-products or cocoa that consumers use up is undoubted. On the basis of onnormalized activities, the highest environmental impact is generated by industrial activities, with a total emission of 2.57E -10 . Using packaging in packaging activities and fuel in Transportation from Industry to Marketing Office activities, industrial activities also use large amounts of electricity, namely, 421.91 kWh.