Study of Sowing Quality of Soybean Seeds Depending on Pre-Sowing Treatment of Seed and Microfertilizers

Complex sowing qualities of soybean seeds during pre-sowing treatment of seeds with biopreparations, spraying of crops with microfertilizers is a scientifically valuable and urgent problem of today, which made it possible to choose the optimal methods of realizing the genetic potential of productivity of modern soybean varieties. The aim of the research was to determine the sowing qualities of soybean seeds (varieties Slavna, Churaivna, Azymut, Tytan, Triada, Pallada, Samorodok), namely seed moisture, germination energy, field germination and linear parameters of the hypocotyl depending on the variety composition, pre-sowing seed treatment with a bacterial preparation and use of microfertilizers. Field and laboratory studies were conducted according to the following indicators: seed moisture, germination energy, field germination and linear hypocotyl parameters according to generally accepted methods. Research on the basis of the scientific research field of the Institute of Fodder and Agriculture of the Podillia National Academy of Sciences by the method of split plots in four repetitions according to the methodology of research in agronomy, p. Bohonyky, Vinnytsia region, Ukraine. It was established that the moisture content of the seeds of soybean varieties during 2020–2023 storage in uncontrolled climate conditions was within the normal range and did not exceed 13.4%. It was noted that the use of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a bacterial preparation based on strains of nodule bacteria in combination with foliar fertilization in the phases of budding and bean formation with organo-mineral fertilizer had a smaller effect on laboratory germination, and to a greater extent on the germination energy of soybean seeds. The maximum indicator was obtained on the Slavna soybean variety – 93.4% for the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rizolain + Rhizosave) and organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in the pre-sowing treatment of seeds in combination with foliar fertilization in the phases of budding and bean formation with organo-mineral HELPROST fertilizer. The laboratory similarity had a significant tendency to increase up to 96.3 –98.1% in variants with the varieties Svavna and Tytan for the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rizolain + Rhizosave) and organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in combination with foliar feeding in the budding phases in the pre-sowing seed treatment and formation of beans with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST. In the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe, options where a bacterial preparation (Rizolain + Rhizosev) was used for pre-sowing seed treatment in combination with foliar fertilization in the phases of budding and bean formation with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST. The mentioned technological methods of growing can be used to improve the technology of growing soybeans.


INTRODUCTION
The steady trend towards warming and aridization of the climate led to the expansion and partial shift of the zone of industrial soybean cultivation from the Steppe zone to the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.The zone of the right-bank foreststeppe of Ukraine has significant differences in the complex of soil and climatic conditions compared to the conditions of traditional cultivation.First of all, this is a change in the limiting factors of the environment, differences in the total income, seasonal and daily temperature dynamics, indicators of soil acidity.In the complex, this necessitates the inclusion in the technology of additional control levers for the processes of crop formation, primarily due to changes in agrotechnologies of soybean cultivation (Monarkh, et. al., 2019;Mazur, et. al., 2020;Petrychenko, et. al., 2000;Jansson, et. al., 2019;Dumpis, et. al., 2021;Zhao et. al., 2022).
The development of organic production of plant seed products is relevant today due to a number of ecological, economic and social advantages.The intensification of agricultural production, which is taking place all over the world, is accompanied by a negative impact on the environment and the deterioration of the natural fertility of the soil, without which agriculture is impossible.Organic seeds are more useful for consumers due to the minimization of negative health effects of toxic and persistent chemicals (Piwowar, et al., 2021;Petrychenko, et. al., 2014;Mazur, et. al., 2021;Marconi, et. al., 2015;Mahmood, et. al., 2019;Giampieri, et. al., 2022).
The key reserve of such agrotechnologies aimed at increasing the seed productivity of soybeans is the use of biological preparations that stimulate the activity of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria, positively affecting the development of the root system and above-ground mass.It is also a guarantee of the formation of high, stable and high-quality crops, which will contribute to the provision of highly efficient and competitive production of soybean seed products (Poore, et. al., 2019;Kuht, et. al., 2016;Alaru, et. al., 2014;Babich, et. al., 1998).
The potential productivity of soybean seed products reaches its maximum at the moment of full maturity, after which it steadily, continuously and irreversibly decreases.The rate of reduction of potential seed productivity during seed aging is largely determined by the genetic characteristics of the variety, as well as environmental conditions before and during storage.These prerequisites establish variation between seed lots and even between individual seeds within the same lot.Therefore, the study of the issue of reduced germination is not only an important indicator of seed aging, but also an indicator of its future loss of viability (Petrychenko, et. al., 2012;Nicholas, et. al., 2021;Mazur, et. al., 2020;Bakhmat, et. al., 2023).
Soybean seeds belong to a group in which, when stored in seed warehouses in uncontrolled environmental conditions, seed germination is lost quite quickly.This is due to the presence of nutritious protein and oil, a hygroscopic seed coat that is easily damaged, which facilitates the access of air, moisture and pathogens of harmful objects.Trends have been established: the higher the storage temperature and seed humidity, the faster seed germination is lost.With the interaction of high temperature and humidity of seeds, favorable conditions are created for increased respiration and development of microbiota (Petrychenko, et. al., 2018;Maxwell, et. al., 2016).Thus, the economic durability of soybean seed production is an important aspect of plant life and, undoubtedly, is of considerable theoretical and practical interest for domestic seed production.The need to solve this scientific and topical issue conditioned the conduct of our research.
The basis of the scientific hypothesis is the idea of obtaining organic seed production of soybeans from organic agrophytocenoses due to the optimization of technological methods of cultivation, which ensures the improvement of fertility, structure and water regime of the soil, rational nutrition of plants and the nature of growth processes (Puyu, et al., 2021;Petrychenko, et. al., 2003).In this aspect, increasing the efficiency of the use of agricultural technologies aimed at increasing the seed productivity of soybeans is the use of biological preparations that stimulate the activity of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria, positively influencing the development of the root system and above-ground mass.
Therefore, the determination of the optimal parameters for the use of bacterial preparations and foliar fertilizers in the pre-sowing treatment of seeds in varietal technologies of soybean cultivation in the right-bank forest-steppe zone of Ukraine is relevant both in practical terms and for the formation of the theoretical basis of programs for the development of highly effective adaptive technologies.It was established that under such highly effective adaptive technologies, the enzymatic system of antioxidant protection is stimulated, which, in turn, leads to the stabilization of peroxide processes in soybean seedlings.According to many authors, one of the relevant elements of modern technologies is the use of bacterial preparations for pre-sowing treatment of seeds.This stimulates the germination process, protects the seeds during their long-term stay in the soil from adverse conditions, increases the field germination of seeds, promotes the active development of the root system (Zhou, et. al., 2020;Petrychenko, et. al., 2012 a;Parizad, et. al., 2021;Parga, et. al., 2022), which is especially important in case of water deficit.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Field experiments were laid on the fodder crop rotation fields of the Department of Legumes of the Institute of Fodder and Agriculture of the Podillia Branch of the National Academy of Sciences using the method of split plots in four repetitions according to the methodology of experimental work in agronomy.The soils are gray podsolized, medium loamy in the forest, typical for the foreststeppe of the Right Bank and Vinnytsia regions, Ukraine.Agricultural techniques for growing soybean seeds in the experiments were generally recognized for the conditions of the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine (Table 1).Soybean varieties bred at the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of NAAS served as material for research, namely Slavna, Churaivna, Azymut, Tytan, Triada, Pallada, Samorodok.The aim of the research was to determine the sowing qualities of soybean seeds (varieties Slavna, Churaivna, Azymut, Tytan, Triada, Pallada, Samorodok),

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Seed moisture is an important factor determining the stability of seeds during long-term storage.For soybean seeds, humidity is more important and is the main storage condition.Limit-safe humidity indicators for soybean storage depend on the air temperature, mass of the batch, as well as on the direction of use.Increased humidity leads to the germination or development of mold, which is caused by an increase in temperature, as a result of which the quality of protein and oil deteriorates (Zhou, et.Note: 1 -without foliar fertilization, 2 -foliar fertilization in the phase of budding with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 3 -foliar fertilization in the phase of bean formation with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 4foliar fertilization in the seeding phase with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 5 -foliar fertilization in phases of budding + formation of beans with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 6 -foliar feeding in the phases of budding + pouring seeds with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 7 -foliar feeding in the phases of formation of beans + pouring seeds with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 8 -foliar feeding in phases of budding + formation beans + pouring seeds with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST.The laboratory analyzes shown in Figure 1 confirmed that the moisture content of soybean seeds during five years of storage in an uncontrolled climate was within the norm and did not exceed 13.4%.It was established that the highest humidity was observed in the first year of storage and varied depending on the variety from 11.9% to 13.5%.At the same time, during 2020-2024 storage, the largest moisture loss of soybean seeds among the studied samples was observed in the Tytan variety -5.5%, and the smallest -in the Pallada variety -3.1%, which is due to varietal characteristics (Hetman, et. al., 2024;Zhou, et. al., 2019;Ramakrishnan, et. al., 2021) In varieties Note: 1 -without foliar fertilization, 2 -foliar fertilization in the phase of budding with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 3 -foliar fertilization in the phase of bean formation with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 4foliar fertilization in the seeding phase with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 5 -foliar fertilization in phases of budding + formation of beans with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 6 -foliar feeding in the phases of budding + pouring seeds with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 7 -foliar feeding in the phases of formation of beans + pouring seeds with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST, 8 -foliar feeding in phases of budding + formation beans + pouring seeds with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST.
Slavna, Churaivna, Azymut, Triada, Samorodok, seed moisture decreased from the initial by 4.8%, 5.2%, 4.9%, 4.6% and 5.4%, respectively.The analysis of experimental data proved that the germination energy of soybean seeds varied to a different extent under the influence of the researched technological methods of cultivation (Table 2).Analyzing the laboratory parameters during the treatment of soybean seeds, it was noted that the use of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a bacterial preparation based on nodule bacteria strains in combination with foliar fertilization in the phases of budding and bean formation with organomineral fertilizer had a smaller effect on laboratory germination, and to a greater extent on the energy of germination soybean seeds The maximum indicator was obtained on the Slavna soybean variety -93.4% for the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rizolain+Rhizosave) and organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in combination with foliar feeding in the phases of budding and bean formation with organo-mineral HELPROST in the presowing treatment of seeds.The lowest germination energy was recorded in the control variants of the Samorodok variety -74.6%According to the varietal composition, the advantage of the Svavna and Tytan varieties was revealed from the point of view of obtaining high germination energy.On these varieties, the investigated indicator had the maximum average factorial value.
The laboratory similarity had a significant tendency to increase up to 96.3-98.1% in variants with the varieties Svavna and Tytan for the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rizolain+Rhizosave) and organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in combination with foliar feeding in the phases of budding and formation of beans with organomineral fertilizer HELPROST (Table 3).
The use of pre-sowing seed treatment can cause both positive changes in germinating seeds and reduce their laboratory germination and germination energy in case of overdose.In order to determine the optimal dose of application of drugs during seed treatment for the sowing quality of soybeans, a study was carried out on the linear parameters of the hypocotyl, the results of which are presented in Figure 2. Therefore, according to the linear parameters of the hypocotyl, it was established that its length varied within 23.3-31.4mm.The lowest linear values were recorded in the control plots.In the Pallada and Samorodok varieties, the linear parameters of the hypocotyl were 23.3 mm and 24.6 mm, respectively, on the water-treated variants (control), which is a genetically determined trait.According to the numerical values of the linear parameters of the hypocotyl, the highest indicators were recorded in the plots of the Slavna variety for the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rizolain + Rhizosev) and organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in combination with foliar fertilization in the phases of budding and bean formation with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in the presowing seed treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a bacterial preparation in combination with foliar feeding of plants with trace elements should be considered as a significant additional element to the existing technology of soybean cultivation.This technological technique makes it possible to assert its positive effect on the growth and development of plants throughout the growing season, which ultimately affected the productivity of soybeans.The conducted laboratory analyzes established that the moisture content of soybean varieties during five years of storage in uncontrolled climate conditions was within the normal range and did not exceed 13.4%.Analyzing the laboratory parameters during the treatment of soybean seeds, it was noted that the use of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a bacterial preparation based on nodule bacteria strains in combination with foliar fertilization in the phases of budding and bean formation with organo-mineral fertilizer had a smaller effect on laboratory germination, and to a greater extent on the energy of germination soybean seeds The maximum indicator was obtained on the Slavna soybean variety -93.4% for the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rizolain+Rhizosave) and organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in the pre-sowing treatment of seeds in combination with foliar fertilization in the phases of budding and bean formation with organo-mineral HELPROST fertilizer.The laboratory similarity had a significant tendency to increase up to 96.3-98.1% in variants with the varieties Svavna and Tytan for the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rizolain+Rhizosave) and organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST in combination with foliar feeding in the budding phases in the pre-sowing seed treatment and formation of beans with organo-mineral fertilizer HELPROST.

4 .Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The dynamics of seed moisture depending on the years of storage (2020-2024)

Table 1 .
Scheme of the experiment in the field conditions of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya NAAN in the village of Bohonyky, Vinnytsia region, Ukraine

Table 2 .
Germination energy of soybean seeds depending on pre-sowing treatment and foliar fertilization, %

Table 3 .
Laboratory germination of soybean seeds depending on pre-sowing treatment and foliar fertilization, %