ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECISION ABOUT SEGREGATION BY PEOPLE NOT SEGREGATING THE MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH USING THE AHP METHOD

Waste management is one of the most important problems concerning contemporary civilization. The increase of the number of population and consumerism, cause producing different kinds of waste. Along with the economic progress and the technical progress, humanity became the largest producer of waste in nature. Segregation is still the biggest problem of selective collection of waste. The awareness and the knowledge of people in caring about the natural environment is growing. Unfortunately, many of them are not convinced to sort municipal waste. However, in making a decision about segregation, each of them could be influenced by other factors. The aim of this study was to collect detailed criteria which influence the decision about waste segregation among people not segregating the municipal waste. Then the main criteria were grouped and their influence on the global decision was shown. In this paper a method of the Analytical Hierarchization of the Process was used. Research was conducted among 50 randomly chosen respondents from Poland. The results of the research showed that the financial penalties and the possibility of reducing the payment for sorted municipal waste could increase the amount of people who segregate the municipal waste. Increasing the awareness of reducing the natural resources consuming is not as important criterion as two mentioned before.


INTRODUCTION
The environment in which we live at present is encumbered with pollutants coming from the inappropriate waste management.It is important to search for methods of relieving the influence of waste on the environment and aspire to segregate the municipal waste [Jamróz and Generowicz 2012, Kempa 2001].The population and the consumerism are increasing, causing producing different kinds of waste [Iżykowska-Kujawa 2013, Jamróz and Generowicz 2012, Kuboń 2013].The households and the public buildings are basic sources of the municipal waste associated with the everyday life of human population [Bień and Bień 2010].The increasing amount of the municipal waste from the households and industrial buildings degraded natural environment.Growing costs of the recycling of the municipal waste cause coming into existence of illegal landfill sites [Bieniek et al. 2014], which as a result of physicochemical transformations can directly influence the air pollution [Miaśkiewicz-Pęska and Szyłak-Szydłowski 2015, Białowiec et al. 2008] and pollute water and the soil [Wójcik 2010, Szyłak-Szydłowski and Grabińska-Łoniewska 2009].In the well designed system of the management of the municipal waste, a waste segregation is a basic component.It can be carried out through the system of selective collection from

ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECISION ABOUT SEGREGATION BY PEOPLE NOT SEGREGATING THE MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH USING THE AHP METHOD
Ewa Osuch 1 , Andrzej Osuch 1 , Piotr Rybacki 1 , Andrzej Przybylak 1 , Tatiana Buchwald 1  places where waste is stored or by the secondary segregation in by a special companies of neutralizing waste [Bień and Bień 2010].The strategy for the waste disposal in the future should be based on a growth of importance of an action for the waste segregation, and then of different forms of rendering them harmless.Waste segregation should become a universal duty of people [Jamróz and Generowicz].In 1999 the Council of the European Union issued a directive 1999/31/WE about the waste disposal.According to this document, members of the European Union should take all action being aimed at a curtailment of waste coming into existence.It is regarding also increasing the participation of the recycling of the recyclable waste by the selective collection of waste and implementing systems of the sorting on landfill sites [Czarnocki 2013 The act implements substantial changes in the system of the waste disposal.A new methodology of dealing with waste was appointed.According to this act, preventing coming into existence of waste is the most important aim [Jakubus and Tatuśko 2015].Moreover, article 105 informs that waste before putting them on the landfill sites should be subjected to the process of physical, chemical, thermal or biological transforming.It causes that the negative environmental impact is minimalizing.It is the best solution for the health of people and for reducing the amount or volumes of stored waste [Czarnocki 2013].The problem of the management of waste is widely described in literature [Kuboń 2007;2008;2013, Korzeniowski 1999;;2001, Rosik-Dulewska 2003, Żakowska 2003;2008, Szołtysek 2009].The law defined rules of proceedings with waste, however, an aspiration to limiting the amount of waste is still most important [Mystowski 2008, Koller 1996 wide propagation of information about the need to segregate rubbish causes that the social awareness in this area is sufficient.Meanwhile, so far a 6.8% of the municipal waste produced per annum was provided with the selective collection of waste [Jamróz and Generowicz 2012].The waste disposal still constitutes a problem in Poland.Seeking all available and intentional methods for the improvement the indicators of sorted waste is becoming intentional.It is important to look for other arguments, which can contribute to increase the number of people segregating waste.It is possible to distinguish a lot of factors influencing the decision of segregating municipal waste.The financial penalties, increasing the awareness of environmental protection or limiting of waste stored on landfill sites belongs to them.Determining importances of individual determinants is becoming significant in the process of making a decision about fulfilling the public obligation.Analysis of the data causing that in the article selection and hierarchization of the main criteria influencing the decision about segregation by people not segregating the municipal waste was made.In this paper a method of the Analytical Hierarchization of the Process was used.It was used to the identification and putting main criteria in decreasing order according to the impact on the possibility of the decision change.

AIM OF THE RESEARCH, MATERIAL AND METHODS
The outline of issues presented in the introduction confirm the need of research of the factors influencing the decision about segregation by people not segregating the municipal waste.In the research only persons who are not segregat-ing waste at present participated.The aim of the study was to identify the set of main and detailed criteria.Both kinds of the criteria could influence the decision about segregating waste.The main criteria was compared in pairs and put in order according to the decreasing influence on the decision.The importance of the identified criteria (containing the weight of detailed criteria), was appointed using the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process -AHP.This method was invented in 1970 by the American scientist T. L. Saaty [1986] and included mathematical and psychological aspects [Wijnmalen et al. 2009, Doloi 2008, Ayag 2007].The AHP method gives the possibility to the hierarchization of choosen criteria, even in the case when there is plenty of criteria in the decision-making process.The experts define the detailed and main criteria.The knowledge and the experience of the experts let them define the numerical measure of the importance for analysed criteria [Osuch et al. 2016, Osuch et al. 2015, Rybacki and Durczak 2012].For fulfilling the purpose of the study an identification of persons not segregating municipal waste and conducting research among them were made.The analysis carried out on 50 people from different regions of Poland.Respondents determined the detailed criteria, which enforced the decision about segregating municipal waste.Next, the detailed criteria were grouped in the main criteria.According to the accepted methodology, the determining of the bank conditions for the number of criteria lets avoid the inconsistency of comparison in pairs.The total number of comparisons should fluctuate within the limits of 5-9.The single criterion cannot be compared with more than 7 ±2 criteria at the same time.In other case it is impossible to distinguish the criteria [Saaty 1986[Saaty , 1990[Saaty , 2001].In the next stage participants allotted the specific number from the pool of 100 points, for each of the main criteria.Appointed evaluations by the respondents are creating the matrix of comparisons in pairs C nn , size n•n , where n was a number of all the compared main criteria.They were put in order one by one in headlines of lines and columns of the matrix.The rates a ij which are written down on the cut of i-line with j-column were the elements of the matrix, equation 1:  where: i, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n.
As a result every of the main criteria has as many weights Cij w as many respondents partici- pated in the research.Therefore, determining the global weight wC,j for the criterion Ci is necessary, according to equation 6: where: w C,j -the global weight of i-criterion, Cij w -the detailed weight of i-main crite- rion defined by j-participant, n -the number of participants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Waste is one of the most important environmental problems in Poland and all over the world.135 million tons of waste are created in Poland annually.Respondents established the identity of the detailed criteria.Next, the criteria were grouped into the hierarchized main criteria (contained rates of the detailed criteria).According to the knowledge and experience of the respondents, the main criteria can have a fundamental influence on the proces of segregation the municipal waste.These criteria (collected in Table 1), contain material and immaterial aspects of decisionmaking processes.Their order of putting in the table 1 was random.
Everyone of the participants in the research evaluate the main criteria of the hierarchization process.The results were presented in Table 2.Each of respondents allotted the number from the pool of 100 points for each of main criterion.Rate '0' meant that the factor was not important for the participant.Rate '100' meant that only one of the criteria was important and completely influenced the decision about segregating waste.
The individual evaluation of main criteria allows their hierarchization (Table 3).Symbol '>' describing different levels in analysed hierarchy of the main criteria.Symbol '=' describing the same levels.For the participant R1 the most important criterion is C1, which is equvalent to C7.Next equivalent criterion are C5 and C6, C4 and C8.The least important criteria are C2 and C3.They would have the smallest impact for the change of the decision of waste segregation by the R1 participant.
Using the hierarchical system of adopted main criteria (presented in table 3), comparisons were made and the matrix of comparisons in pairs was created.For the analysis of the main criteria evaluation scale was adopted, which was placed in Table 4.
The matrix of comparisons in pairs for one of the respondents was placed in Table 5.
The matrixes of comparisons in pairs allowed to show the value of the detailed criteria (Table 6).Each of them had as many of detailed criteria as many were respondents in the research.For the respondent R1, the most important criterion was C1 -financial penalties.It has detailed criterion with value 0.56.For the respondent R2, the most important criteria with value 0.22, were C3 i C4, which mean increasing the awareness of reducing of consuming of the natural resources and increasing the awareness of saving of the energy.
The equation 6 (from methodology chapter) let to estimate the global value of the main criteria of the entire decision-making process.The criterion with the greatest global weight (0.23) was financial penalties (C1).The smallest weight (0.09) had criteria C3, C4, C5, C7, C8, i.e.: increasing the awareness of reducing the consumption of the natural resources, increasing the awareness of saving of the energy, increasing the effectiveness of the recycling of the recyclable waste, increasing the awareness of environmental protection and limiting of waste stored on landfill sites.
where: i, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n.Every of the matrix should meet the condition 2:where: i, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n.The procedure of establishing the ranking of main criteria consists in normalizing columns of the matrix

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Values of importance of the main criteria of the decision-making process.

Table 1 .
Main criteria of the decision-making process, influencing the decision about segregation by people not segregating the municipal waste.

Table 2 .
Evaluation of the main criteria

Table 3 .
Hierarchization of the main criteria

Table 4 .
Adopted evaluation scale of process of comparing in pairs

Table 5 .
Matrix of process of comparing in pairs for one of the research participant

Table 6 .
Partial importance of the main criteria.