ANALYSIS OF THE AVAILABILITY OF EDUCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, AS FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR BIEBRZA NATIONAL PARK COMMUNES

This article is an attempt to show changes which concern social state of inhabitants living in Biebrza National Park communes, in terms of their equipment of water supply and sewage system and accessibility to basic educational facilities, such as primary and junior high schools. Multi-indicator characteristics was performed for time interval equal to 13 years (from 2001 to 2014), with 3–5 year step, i.e: 2001, 2004, 2009, 2014. Information was based on statistical data of Central Statistical Office, available in Local Data Bank (LDB). The assessment of socio-spatial availability has been based on the measures showing the given indicator in relation to the area or the number of population. The conducted analysis allowed to show differences in life quality of inhabitants living in communes where development highly depend on environmental factors. Except for actual state, attached graphics show the rate of change for socio-technical infrastructure, which is basic for sustainable development.


INTRODUCTION
On each stage of planning operations in commune, spatial planning is a mandatory element to consider.A proper development of almost each area of economic and social life is driven by well-developed infrastructure.Its lack discourages investments, which leads to increasing the number of people, who emigrate to find better opportunities for personal development [Wasiluk and Wojsławowicz 2013].Standards of living for local communities is determined by appropriate equipment of educational facilities and technical infrastructure.However, the realization of water supply-sewage system infrastructure is of great ecological significance for units with great natural values and requires interest from local government units, local communities and scientists.
The rural infrastructure is a common problem, and it is addressed not only in research but in government programs, such as: previous Rural De-velopment Plan 2007-2013 (Program Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich -PROW), current PROW 2014-2020 or Regional Operational Programme Podlaskie for the years 2014-2020 (Regionalny Program Operacyjny Województwa Podlaskiego na lata 2014-2020)..The level of technical infrastructure, especially in the field of water-sewage system, is considered as a very important factor for activation of rural regions in terms of multifunctional development.In reports, analyses and literature, it was concluded that providing the social and technical infrastructure is a necessary condition for achieving economic success.
Many authors deal with the protected areas issues, as a whole or natural parts that are connected with various relationships and processes [Mastalska-Cetera 2007; Ptaszycka-Jackowska and Baranowska-Janota 1996].There are only a few of them who attempt to combine the problems of spatial planning and sustainable development of the commune with appropriate conser-vation of nature and environment [Chmielewski 2001].It is hard to find scientific approach for socio-technical infrastructure issue for communes located partly in national park borders [Pawłat-Zawrzykraj and Podawca 2011].
The inspiration for analysis came from survey made in 2015 for social diagnosing of 12 communes gathered in Local Action Group -Biebrza Foundation (pl.Lokalna Grupa Działania Fundacja Biebrzeńska).Of the aforementioned, up to 9 communes (Bargłów Kościelny, Dąbrowa Białostocka, Goniądz, Jaświły, Lipsk, Nowy Dwór, Suchowola, Sztabin, Trzcianne) are partly located in the Biebrza National Park, the rest is outside.The survey included both citizens and local authorities.The reflection is that there was a variance of results in aspects, such as: kids and young adults education, a scale from 1 to 5 (average citizens opinion 3.2; authorities 4.1), infrastructure (citizens 2.6; authorities 3.4) [Leończuk et al. 2015].

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF ANALYSIS
The aim of the study is to understand the changes that have occurred in 2001-2014 in terms of technical infrastructure and educational service of the communes located in the impacted zones of national parks.The most important aspects is widely understood spatial planning issues with comparative analysis of parameters defining the accessibility and providing the communes with water and sewage network equipment, quality of education and accessibility of primary and junior high schools.The analysis did not take into account the accessibility to gas pipeline network.Due to the fact that previous analysis [Podawca 2015] showed that all administrative units of the Biebrza National Park, considered as communes, are so-called "zero communes", which means that the number of citizens serviced by gas pipeline was less than 10 and/or there was no information about the length of gas pipeline network.
Mostly, the analyses are based on the statistical data of CSO (Central Statistical Office).Because of the type of specific indicators, the analysis has demographic-economic-infrastructural nature [Rakowska 2013].Typologies of rural areas have been compiled by many authors, during the political transformation in Poland, before Poland's EU accession and currently in terms of widely understood sustianable develop-ment [Stola 1987;Rosner 1999 The Biebrza National Park (BNP) is an example of a national park with the most complex administrative structure.In the scope of research, there were 14 communes within the park.Beside of presenting the current state, the aim of the analysis is to show infrastructural differentiation in BNP communes, in which the most important role is played by natural conditions and ecology.Referring to previous research, mostly concerning natural and touristic aspects [Grygoruk et al. 2013 important issue which should be analysed taking various natural conditions into consideration (nature element will be treated as static, but having an important impact on the location of public facilities, which are elements of space created in decision-making process.)

STUDIES METHOD
The method used in the study is a multidimensional comparative analysis using interdisciplinary indicators, understood as numbers expressing the level of the given phenomenon, presented in absolute or relative form [Zielińska 2006].Indicator analysis currently plays a specific role in economic and spatial information system, determining a commonly used tool [Borys 1999].The commune assessment based on spatial planning indicators is not a new task.In the source literature there are many publications considering both methodical approach as well as research examples [Kocur-Bera 2011].Communes located near the Biebrza National Park were also analysed in terms of functionality of their public technical infrastructure [Wasiluk and Wojsławowicz 2013].
This study uses research methods, which can be divided into: • filtering and aggregation data, gathered in Local Data Bank (LDB), based on characteristics contained in categories: primary and junior high school education, secondary education; groups: primary and junior high school, communal and house economy and so called network devices; • data processing method, using variable stimulants, understood as indicators which greater values allow to classify specific unit as better from sustainable development point of view.
Choosing the diagnostic variables was based on the following criteria: versatility, measurability, availability, data quality, and possibility of comparing and objective interpretation.The basic task was to define a set of appropriate diagnostic features represented by correct indicators seen from technical point of view, and with possibility to apply in research purposes [Kiniorska 2007].
It was concluded that characteristics showing the sanitation accessibility would be network length and number of population using that network.Depending on its character, the abovementioned characteristics would be referenced to as built-up and urban (residential, including farm buildings) areas or commune population.This kind of approach should eliminate commune size issue and make comparing subdivisions an easier task.Sanitation availability measures are: The assessment of educational services for population in the school age was assessed taking into consideration the number of primary and junior high schools and the number of classes and students.These characteristics show how the amount of educational institutions has been changing since the educational reform in 1999.The analysis started in 2001, in a year when classes I-III were in junior-high schools and there were no classes VII-VIII in primary schools.
w klsp(g)t = lu sp(g) /lo sp(g) (3) where: w klsp(g)t -indicator of the class size in primary school or junior-high school in statistical year [person]; lu sp(g0) -amount of students in primary or junior-high school [person]; lo sp(g) -amount of divisions in primary or junior-high school.
Because of the aim of this, which is to show the availability of educational services in spatial point of view, the following indicators of educational services on primary and junior-high school level were adopted: It should be emphasized, that adopted range of educational service support has been based on act -Educational law [Ustawa o systemie oświaty Art.17.] which says that: public schools network organization should allow every child to fulfill the educational duty, and distance from school facility to child's home mustn't be greater than 3km -in terms of primary school students in class I-IV and 4km in terms of primary (in class V and VI) and junior-high school students.
In order to localize specific facilities, spatial information tool called Geoportal 2 has been used and address data included on the websites of specific communes.Designation of specific spatial parameters and numerical data elaboration in spatial point of view was made using the LDB and ArcGis software and SQL language.

RESULTS AND DISCUSION
By analyzing changes that have occurred over the 10 years in the Biebrza National Park communes in terms of sanitation, it should be noted that there is an improvement (Table 1).Spatial density indicator of water supply network w gwt and sewage w gkt system proves this statement.Trend change of indicator is positive or equal to 0 (except Nowy Dwór commune in terms of water supply network, where the indicator is negative).Noticeable progress of water-sewage investments during 2004-2014 was in: Dąbrowa Białostocka, Suchowola and Jedwabne.In terms of watersupply infrastructure length relative to built-up areas, the situation looked favorably (in terms of 10 years) in communes: Nowy Dwór, Rajgród, Bargłów Kościelny, Grajewo, Sztabin; in terms of sewage system: Jaświły, Trzcianne, Goniądz and Rajgród.In the following administrative units, the situation worsened in terms of water-supply, between 2004-2009 and 2009-2014 in: Trzcianne, Jaświły, Radziłów and Wizna, but in Lipsk and Goniądz this aspect improved recently.Improving the development of the sewage system in last five-year period can be seen in: Wizna, Lipsk, Sztabin and Radziłów.The stagnation in terms of sewage system infrastructure has been observed in Grajewo, Wizna and Bargłów Kościelny.
From the point of view of social sustainable development, the indicators of absolute availability of sewage system w dskt and water supply network w dswt seem to be much more important, because they reference to population serviced by this infrastructure.Those indicators are increasing in a period of 10 years, although in Grajewo the situation in terms of sewage system is constant (Table 1).Moreover, those indicators can show the efficiency of building water supply and in some way sewage systems through increase of the population, which have access to these services and thus prove the rightness of investments localization.Dąbrowa Białostocka commune is a leader in terms of availability to sewage system, where over 44% of population is serviced.Average value of this indicator is between 20-30%.According to water supply the situation is much better.For example, in Bargłów Kościelny commune, 89% of population is serviced.Not much less is in: Suchowola, Dąbrowa Białostocka, Nowy Dwór, Radziłów, Lipsk, Grajewo, Jaświły and Goniądz.In terms of availability to water supply, the worst are Jedwabne and Rajgród.
In the analyzed administrative units, the amount of junior-high schools is a very stable indicator, which has not changed in years 2001-2014 in 13 of 14 communes.Only in Sztabin Commune there an additional junior-high school has been created.Different situation is with primary schools whose number is decreasing.Only in Suchowola, Wizna, Grajewo and Radziłów the number of these facilities has not been reduced since 2001.In other units, the count dropped mostly by 1-2 objects, but in Lipsk and Jaświły by 3, and Jedwabne up to 7 (Table 2).
It is clear that reducing the number of school facilities is determined by demographic conditions, mostly by decreasing number of citizens.Given the indicator of class size w klsp(g)t , it must be concluded that curriculum standard in terms of class students has not worsened and even in most cases it has increased, both on primary and juniorhigh school level (Table 2).
The major attempt of the conducted analysis is to show the spatial availability of specific educational infrastructure objects after reform in 1999 and entering the junior-high schools, but before returning of 8-class primary school.Small number of class, especially in primary schools, might not compensate the distance between chil-  The relative availability is greater than absolute in 11 BNP communes.This means that educational facilities service area covers large part of the commune, not including BNP area, but those objects location are not appropriate in terms of rural villages location.Only in Bargłów Kościelny, Lipsk and Sztabin real availability to educational services, which means the village layout in terms of school service range, is favorable from relative availability (Figure 1).

CONCLUSION
On the basis of the typology of communes nearby the national park [Podawca 2014] in terms of direct availability to sanitation, it must be concluded that BNP communes are similar.
Water availability for inhabitants from water supply network has been evaluated positively.In 4 communes (Suchowola, Dąbrowa Białostocka, Bargłów Kościelny, Radziłów), the availability is on a very good level (>80%), good in 8 communes (Goniądz, Nowy Dwór, Wizna, Lipsk, Sztabin, Grajewo, Jaświły, Trzcianne), and only in 2 on a medium level (Jedwabne, Rajgród).In the last decade, trend for both water supply density and percent of serviced inhabitants have been increasing, which can be seen through improvement of availability in 6 of 14 communes.
The situation is different in the case of the availability to sewage system.In 3 communes: Bargłów Kościelny, Sztabin and Grajewo, it has been assessed below 20%.The largest group is determined by communes, where 20 to 40% of the population has access sewage system.These are: Nowy Dwór, Suchowola, Lipsk, Rajgród, Jedwabne, Wizna, Radziłów, Goniądz, Jaświły and Trzcianne.In case of last 8 one can observe some improvement.Population service in these units must be considered as unsatisfactory state, though.Only in Dąbrowa Białostocka, availability to sewage system can be considered on the medium level, which is over 44%.
The educational services availability areas, measured within a circle having a radius equal to 3-kilometers for primary schools and 4-km for junior-high schools, should be related to residential and farm buildings in these parts of the communes which are located outside of the Biebrza National Park and to location of and it was concluded that because of communes' agricultural nature, the relative availability indicator for educational services can be considered satisfactory if it exceeds 60%.Unfortunately, only Dąbrowa Białostocka and Radziejów fulfill this condition for primary schools, and none of the communes for junior-high schools.The average for primary schools service, is on 40-60% level and it occurs in: Suchowola, Bargłów Kościelny, Rajgród, Goniądz.For junior-high schools this level is only in Nowy Dwór.In other communes, the relative availability indicator is below 40%, which must be considered as disappointing.The absolute availability of educational services, which is assessed in terms of location of rural areas in availability circle, is considered to be more important factor.In case of junior-high school service, there have been selected only two groups of communes: • with very poor absolute availability (Nowy Dwór, Jaświły, Suchowola, Trzcianne, Wizna, Grajewo, Rajgród); • with unsatisfactory absolut availability (Dąbrowa Białostocka, Bargłów Kościelny, Lipsk, Sztabin, Radziłów, Goniądz, Jedwabne).
The analyzed communes are a specific example of units where one can find dependence between natural and infrastructural aspects.Proper spatial planning for those two systems is the ; Bański and Stola 2002; Rosner 2007; Rakowska and Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska 2010].It is also possible to find studies mostly focused on infrastructural aspects [Siemiński 1992; Kłos 2012].

Table 1 .
Indicators of the availability of technical infrastructure in the BNP communes in years2004, 2009, 2014

Table 2 .
Primary and junior-high school education in the BNP communes in2001, 2004, 2009, 2014dren's home and school.Table 3 presents indicators of the relative d wsp(g)2014 and absolute d bsp(g)2014 availability of educational services in 2014.

Table 3 .
Indicators of the spatial availability of primary and junior-high schools in the BNP communes