Inadequate waste management contributes significantly to the accumulation of plastic waste, as landfills accept unsorted waste. Various natural processes in landfills play a crucial role in microplastic pollution of both soil and aquatic systems. This study examined samples from Jatibarang Landfill, Indonesia, the largest waste disposal site in Central Java. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0 to 20 cm in three zones—active, passive, and areas near settlements—and analyzed for microplastic abundance, size, shape, color, and polymer type. The study aimed to evaluate the distribution, ecological risks, and impacts of microplastics on the physical and chemical properties of soil at Jatibarang Landfill. Results indicated a high microplastic abundance, with counts reaching 2340 particles per kilogram of soil, particularly in areas close to settlements. The primary types of microplastics identified were polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The Polymer Hazard Index (PHI) and Coefficient of Microplastic Impact (CMPI) were employed to assess the potential risks of microplastic pollution. Polypropylene was identified as the most significant pollutant due to its widespread use and persistent nature. Improved landfill management strategies are essential to mitigate microplastic pollution and its adverse environmental effects.