A brief review of current research on oil and protein content in industrial hemp seeds is presented. One of the main factors limiting the development of hemp production is identified as the long-term ban on cultivation, which slowed the improvement of agronomic technologies. The study aimed to assess the effects of fertilization, growth stimulants, sowing rate, and preceding crops on seed quality indicators of industrial hemp. Two experimental schemes were implemented. In the first scheme, factor A included mineral fertilization systems: Polyphoska 8:24:24:9S (165 kg/ha) + UAN-32 (300 kg/ha) and Ecoplant (200 kg/ha) + UAN-32 (300 kg/ha). Factor B involved seed and foliar treatments with growth stimulants, including Humifield, 1R Seed Treatment, Zinovii Grand, and their combinations. The second scheme evaluated the effects of preceding crop (winter wheat, maize, industrial hemp), seed sowing rate (1.0 and 2.0 million seeds/ha), and pre-sowing seed treatment with Zinovii Grand. All treatments were arranged in a randomized design. A stable positive correlation between the duration of the biological maturity period and oil content was established (r = 0.27–0.79), indicating that extending the vegetation period through optimized plant nutrition may effectively enhance oil accumulation. Regression models suggested that, within the studied Ukrainian agroclimatic context characterized by unstable moisture supply, certain management combinations may allow concurrent increases in straw and seed yield while maintaining—and in some cases modestly improving – oil and protein contents; however, extrapolation to other climatic zones requires additional validation. The application of Ecoplant combined with UAN-32 increased oil content by 0.6% compared with Polyphoska-based fertilization. Foliar application of Zinovii Grand and 1R Seed Treatment increased oil content by approximately 0.5%, particularly under less effective fertilization regimes. Oil content was primarily determined by pre-sowing seed treatment, which contributed more than 70% to its formation, while sowing rate had no significant effect. The influence of the preceding crop averaged 9% over three years, reaching 19% in individual seasons. Protein content was affected by a broader range of factors and their interactions. Pre-sowing seed treatment increased oil and protein contents relative to the untreated control; in several treatment combinations, oil content exceeded 30% and protein content exceeded 25%.