Water pollution from domestic wastewater remains a significant environmental concern, necessitating efficient and sustainable treatment solutions. This study evaluates the performance of Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTW) enhanced with nanobubble aeration (FTW-MB) for improving water quality through the removal of ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen (TN), and total suspended solids (TSS). This research is carried out in a batch reactor and observed for 13 days. In floating treatment systems, floating mats were planted with 11 clumps of Vetiveria zizanoides. Three treatment systems—nanobubble aeration (NB), FTW, and FTW-NB—were tested to assess their pollutant removal efficiencies. The results showed that NB aeration significantly increased dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and enhanced ammonia oxidation to nitrate. Ammonium removal was nearly complete in both the NB and FTW-NB systems (100%) in 5 and 6 days, while FTW achieved 97.86% ammonium removal in 13 days, indicating that NB aeration accelerates nitrification by providing a higher oxygen supply. TSS removal was most effective in the NB system (95.35%), suggesting that NB aeration improved sedimentation and particle flotation. FTW-NB provided a balanced approach and integrated plant-based treatment with increased oxygenation. These findings demonstrate that FTW-NB is the most effective system for nitrogen reduction in wastewater treatment, while NB aeration optimizes oxygen availability and enhances microbial degradation. To increase the effectiveness of treatment for the plant pollutants, future studies should improve the positioning of NB aeration in FTW systems.