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Metabolite Profiling in Moringa oleifera Leaves under Various Drying Methods and Solvents: GC–MS, PCA and PLS-DA Analysis for Eco-Friendly Bio-Based Natural Fertilizer Development
 
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1
Department of Agricultural Production Technology, Agricultural State Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, Pangkep 90655, Indonesia
 
2
Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural State Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, Pangkep 90655, Indonesia
 
3
Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 12111, Sudan
 
4
Department of Hotel Service, Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Ambarrukmo, Banguntapan, Bantul, Yogyakarta 55198, Indonesia
 
5
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar 90231, Indonesia
 
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Magister Program of Agricultural State Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, Pangkep 90655, Indonesia
 
 
Corresponding author
Muhammad Kadir   

Department of Agricultural Production Technology, Agricultural State Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, Pangkep 90655, Indonesia
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
This study aims to identify and compare the chemichal and metabolite profiles of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) processed through two drying methods: oven drying and sun drying, followed by extraction using three solvents of varying polarities: ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. These different treatments significantly influenced the composition of the released phytochemicals to Eco-Friendly Bio-Based Natural Fertilizer Development with elevated nutritional and bioactivity content. The extracts were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) to obtain metabolite fingerprints. Metabolite fingerprint data from all treatments were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). The study's results indicated that solvent polarity and drying conditions significantly and systematically affected the GC–MS metabolite composition of M.oleifera leaf extract. Non-polar n-hexane consistently enriched long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, wax-derived lipids, tocopherol-related compounds, and sterols, confirming efficient extraction of hydrophobic metabolites. Ethanol produced the widest chemical diversity, dominated consisting of fatty acids, oxygenated lipids, glycosides, sugars and phenolic derivatives, while ethyl acetate selectively extracted semi-polar metabolites including aromatic ketones, lactone-type compounds, phenethyl derivatives, and mid-polarity lipid fragments. Drying treatments also significantly altered chemical profiles. Oven drying effectively preserved thermolabile antioxidants, sterols, and oxygenated lipids, moderate sun drying induced partial oxidation and formation of semi-volatile metabolites. In General, the metabolite indicated that M. oleifera leaf extracts—regardless of solvent used—contain metabolite classes relevant for bio-based fertilizer applications. These findings highlight the potential to customize extraction and drying strategies to optimize functional metabolite profiles for specific agricultural applications such as slow-release carbon inputs, microbially responsive amendments, or antioxidant-enriched biofertilizer formulations, and it will form the basis for effective, high-value-added Eco-Fiendly bio-based fertilizer formulations
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