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Unveiling the path from sediment trace elements to bioaccumulation in edible mussels: Ecological and human health risk in Lake Singkarak, Indonesia
 
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1
Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, Nasional Research and Innovation Agency, Jl Raya Cibinong Km 46, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
 
2
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesian (BRIN), KST Samaun Samadikun, Jl Sangkuriang No. 21, Bandung, West Java 40135, Indonesia
 
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
 
4
Research Center for Fisheries, Nasional Research and Innovation Agency, Jl Raya Cibinong Km 46, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
 
 
Corresponding author
Aiman Ibrahim   

Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, Nasional Research and Innovation Agency, Jl Raya Cibinong Km 46, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
 
 
J. Ecol. Eng. 2025; 26(2):201-220
 
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ABSTRACT
Lake Singkarak is one of the tectonic lakes on Sumatera Island and is classified as a national priority lake in Indonesia. Our study aimed to investigate the accumulation level of trace elements in the bottom sediments and edible bivalves Corbicula sumatrana in Lake Singkarak, Indonesia. The study also assessed the ecological and health risks associated with the presence of these elements. Surficial sediments and mussels were taken from seven sites of Lake Singkarak in September and November 2022. The levels of several elements were determined in sediments and mussel soft tissues. Our results suggest that the lake sediments were uncontaminated to moderately contaminated by Cd according to the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo). The Contamination Factor (CF) results exhibited moderate to considerable contaminated sediments in terms of Cd metal. Ecological risk evaluation posed by seven different trace elements identified Singkarak sediments as having low to moderate risk. Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values indicated Corbicula sumatrana as a potential biomonitor for sediment chemical elements, especially Ag, Mo, Sb, Au, Pb, and Sn. Furthermore, human exposure to trace elements in sediments through dermal absorption poses no non-cancer risk, but lifetime exposure to Cr and Cd increases cancer risk (Cr: 29.04%-70.80%, Cd: up to 30.26%). Consumption of Pb-containing mussels poses a risk of non-cancer effects, while prolonged exposure to Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, and As increases cancer risk. Our findings highlight the importance of educating the public about the risks of consuming contaminated mussels and implementing safer eating practices to reduce exposure to toxic elements.
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