Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation-Enhanced Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil Evaluation of the Effect of Soil Washing Pre-Treatment and Bacterial Communities
			
	
 
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				1
				Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
				 
			 
						
				2
				Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
				 
			 
						
				3
				Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Data Analytic, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
				 
			 
						
				4
				Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
				 
			 
						
				5
				Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology Information and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
				 
			 
										
				
				
		
		 
			
			
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
							
					    		
    			 
    			
    				    					Corresponding author
    					    				    				
    					Bieby Voijant Tangahu   
    					Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
    				
 
    			
				 
    			 
    		 		
			
																																															 
		
	 
		
 
 
J. Ecol. Eng. 2024; 25(12):269-286
		
 
 
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ABSTRACT
Fuel, a petroleum derivative, contributes to soil pollution because of its hydrocarbons, which are difficult to decompose. Bioremediation can assist by introducing microbes that are capable of degrading hydrocarbons and enhancing this process by adding nutrients. This study validated previous research by adding the most optimum nutrients, bacteria with the right ratio, and pre-treatment of soil washing on the degradation value of hydrocarbons in crude oil-contaminated soil. Pre-treatment involved washing the soil with surfactant tween-80, determining the type of mixed bacterial culture variables, adding varying concentrations of inoculum and inorganic nutrients, and determining the optimal total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction. The study found that the provision of nutrients, bacteria, and pre-treatment in soil washing had no significant effect on the original soil TPH.