Biochar from pruned Ficus benjamina branches: Carbonization temperature effects on properties and applicability as solid biofuel and soil amendment applications
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1
Centro de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Facultad de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Alimentarias, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Perú
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Centro de Investigación Biodiversidad y Manejo Ecológico del Bosque Seco y Cultivos Agrícolas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Perú
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Grupo de Investigación Biorrefinería, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Textil, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú
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Facultad Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Chiclayo, Perú
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5Grupo de Investigación Síntesis Química, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
Corresponding author
Segundo Alberto Vasquez Llanos
Centro de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Facultad de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Alimentarias, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Perú
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ABSTRACT
The pruned branches of Ficus benjamina represent an underutilized lignocellulosic biomass with high thermochemical conversion potential. This study investigated the effect of the carbonization temperature (400, 500, and 600 °C, residence time of 2 h) on the physicochemical, energetic and structural properties of the biochar produced and determined its potential as a solid biofuel and soil amendment. Proximate and elemental analysis, BET surface area, carbon stability assessment, higher heating value (HHV) determination, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) quantification using UHPLC-FLD were performed. Increasing the carbonization temperature resulted in a significant reduction in energy yield, volatile content, and hydrogen content. However, the ash content (10.49 to 13.41 wt. %), carbon (66.71 to 68.93 wt. %), electrical conductivity (1.48 to 3.21 dS m-1), and BET area (3.49 to 26.04 m2 g-1) increased. PAHs concentrations remained within safe limits (23.40 to 160.17 μg kg-1). The HHV ranged from 24.23 to 26.07 MJ kg-1, comparable to sub-bituminous coal and charcoal. Increasing the temperature significantly improved the stability of the biochar. The mean residence times ranged from 1 627 to 1 734 years, indicating a high carbon sequestration potential. The biochars produced meet international standards (IBI and EBC). Biochar produced to 500 °C showed an optimal balance between energetic, structural, and chemical stability properties. The results show that carbonization of the pruned branches of Ficus benjamina is presented as a viable technology for the production of value-added biochar, as a solid biofuel, and as a soil amendment with carbon sequestration capacity.