Particulate matter (PM) pollution remains a major environmental and public-health challenge in developing countries, including Vietnam. Urban vegetation offers a promising nature-based solution, but comparative evidence for native Vietnamese plant species remains limited. This study evaluated control-corrected PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ reduction rates of twenty native plant species in airtight laboratory chambers (8.0 m³). Road-deposited dust was introduced at two concentration levels (Level 1: 150 ± 15 µg·m⁻³ for PM₂.₅ and 250 ± 25 µg·m⁻³ for PM₁₀; Level 2: 300 ± 30 and 500 ± 50 µg·m⁻³, respectively). PM concentrations were monitored hourly over six hours alongside plant-free controls. Reduction rates were corrected for background losses and normalized by one-sided leaf area and exposure time (W, µg·m⁻²·h⁻¹). The highest reduction rates across both PM fractions were observed for five species: Broussonetia papyrifera (PM₂.₅: 536 ± 42 and 888 ± 65; PM₁₀: 773 ± 58 and 1,281 ± 94), Ficus drupacea (PM₂.₅: 128 ± 11 to 273 ± 24; PM₁₀: 226 ± 19 to 483 ± 38), Dracontomelon duperreanum (PM₂.₅: 161 ± 14 to 197 ± 18; PM₁₀: 259 ± 21 to 450 ± 35), Diospyros mun (PM₂.₅: 96 ± 9 to 149 ± 13; PM₁₀: 167 ± 15 to 259 ± 22), and Schefflera heptaphylla (PM₂.₅: 42 ± 5 to 137 ± 12; PM₁₀: 103 ± 9 to 335 ± 28), with values expressed in µg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ at Levels 1 and 2, respectively. Reduction rates increased significantly at higher initial PM concentrations (p < 0.001). Total chamber-level PM mass removal correlated positively with total foliar area (r = 0.78, p < 0.001), while leaf-area-normalized rates were associated with species-specific foliar morphological traits. These findings highlight the potential of native Vietnamese plant species as nature-based solutions for particulate matter mitigation under controlled conditions and identify promising species for field validation and future urban greening and ecological engineering applications.