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Interactive effects of a fermented organic extract (eco-enzyme) and balanced organic substrate on flowering of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum)
 
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Ukryj
1
Magister Program of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Bio-Industry Agriculture and Forestry, University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street No 1, 65145, Malang city, East Java, Indonesia
 
2
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Bio-Industry Agriculture and Forestry, University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street No. 1, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
 
 
Autor do korespondencji
Masdalifa Ula   

Master’s Program in Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Bio-Industry Agriculture and Forestry, University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street No. 1, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
 
 
J. Ecol. Eng. 2026; 27(10):288-296
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Container-grown geranium (Pelargonium hortorum) may experience delayed flowering and leaf chlorosis due to limited nutrient availability and a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the growing medium. Optimizing substrate composition together with biostimulant application may therefore improve both flowering performance and ornamental quality. However, the interactive effects of eco-enzyme application and organic growing media formulation on geranium flowering remain unexplored. This study assessed the interactive effects of eco-enzyme concentration and organic growing media composition on the flowering performance of geranium. A factorial randomized block design was used, evaluating three eco-enzyme concentrations (0, 15, and 30 mL L⁻¹) and three media formulations composed of cocopeat, manure, and rice husk biochar (1:1:0, 1:1:1, and 1:1:2). The M2 medium (1:1:1) was well balanced, with favorable bulk density, porosity, and water-holding capacity that supported root development and nutrient uptake. Eco-enzyme application at 15–30 mL L⁻¹ significantly (P < 0.05) increased flower cluster number by 31.1–59.0% in the M2 medium compared to untreated plants. The M2 medium increased flower number and cluster diameter by 18.9% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the M3 (1:1:2) formulation, while 30 mL L⁻¹ eco-enzyme increased flower number by 25.8% compared to the control. These combined effects promoted earlier, fuller flowering and greater plant vigor. Incorporating eco-enzyme biostimulant application with an optimized organic substrate therefore offers a practical and sustainable strategy to enhance geranium flowering performance and ornamental quality.
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