Mechanical and tribological properties of bovine hoof powder reinforced polyurethane composites
			
	
 
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				Department of Mechanical Engineering, C. Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering 
and Technology, Melvisharam, 632509, India
				 
			 
										
				
				
		
		 
			
			
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
							
					    		
    			 
    			
    				    					Autor do korespondencji
    					    				    				
    					Kumar  Duraisamy   
    					Department of Mechanical Engineering, C. Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering 
and Technology, Melvisharam, 632509, India
    				
 
    			
				 
    			 
    		 		
			
																						 
		
	 
		
 
 
J. Ecol. Eng. 2025; 26(7):329-342
		
 
 
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This paper intends to discuss the fabrication and evaluation of mechanical and tribological properties of biowaste based composites. The biowaste employed in the present work is bovine hoof . In this work, bovine hoof powder (BHP) reinforced polyurethane composites have been fabricated using varying weight percentages (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 15%) of bovine hoof powder, polyol and isocyanate. The bovine hoof powder is processed by cleaning, milling, pulverizing, sieving, washing, defatting and treating with 0.1N NaOH solution. The composites were fabricated by mixing polyether polyol, bovine hoof powder and Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)  hardener and pouring into a die followed by curing at higher temperature. Mechanical and tribological properties of the composites were performed on the composites. It is observed that, properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, coefficient of friction, density, porosity, oil absorption and water absorption of the composite specimens increase in increasing the bovine hoof powder loading. And properties such as wear rate, hardness and impact strength of the composites decrease with increase in BHP loading. With increase in loading of bovine hoof powder from pure polyurethane, it is observed that, there is stiffening-softening-stiffening behavior of composites. It is observed that the optimum weight % of bovine hoof powder loading is found to be 7.5% by weight. The BHP composites indicated enhanced hydrophilicity. Further, the FTIR analysis demonstrated signicantdegradation in the presence of UV radiation and an oxidation process at 1724 cm⁻¹ and 1600 cm⁻¹. The photolytic and hydrolytic effects were also found to effect the microcracks. Accordingly, it may be inferred that the properties of the proposed composites are appropriate to applications like foot wear and related fields. Since the raw material used for the fabrication of the proposed composite is derived from biowaste, the resulting composite is not only eco-friendly but also aligns with the United Nations - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).