This study investigates the structural evolution of aluminosilicate clinker synthesized from a multicomponent raw material system consisting of kaolin, limestone, ceramic brick waste, and liquid glass, heat-treated at 600°C and 1000°C. The primary objective was to establish the relationship between firing temperature, phase composition, and microstructural development in the clinker system. A comprehensive physicochemical characterization was performed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction microscopy (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS/SEM). Experimental results showed that increasing the firing temperature gradually promoted dehydration, decarbonization, and significant restructuring of the aluminosilicate framework. At 600°C, the material remained predominantly amorphous in nature and retained residual hydroxyl phases, indicating incomplete thermal activation. In contrast, firing at 1000°C induced the formation of well-defined crystalline phases, including wollastonite (CaSiO3) and akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), accompanied by increased phase stability and noticeable microstructural compaction. A comparative analysis of the two thermal regimes revealed a clear transition from a partially activated, disordered aluminosilicate system to a more ordered, thermally stable clinker structure with improved physicochemical properties. The obtained results provide new insights into the mechanistic pathways of aluminosilicate clinker formation during thermal activation and confirm the feasibility of using local mineral resources of the Aral Sea region for the production of heat-resistant and environmentally sustainable binders.