Pharmaceutical compounds removal through pristine, alkali-, acid-, and layered double hydroxide - modified biochar: Characterization, Kinetics, and Isotherms Studies
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Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiryiah University
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Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University,
Baghdad, 00964, Iraq
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Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Thi Qar, Nasiriyah, 00964, Iraq
Corresponding author
Zaidun Naji Abudi
Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiryiah University
J. Ecol. Eng. 2025; 26(8)
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ABSTRACT
The negative impact of pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in water, as well as their effects in developing resistant genes to these medicines, has attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, biochar derived from agricultural waste was prepared and modified with acid, base, and layered double hydroxide, resulting in AWBC- H3PO4, AWBC- KOH, and AWBC- LDH (Mg-Al), respectively, to investigate their adsorption capacities towards aceta-minophen (ACT) removal from aqueous solution. Kinetics, isotherms, and characterization studies were also per-formed. The results showed an improvement in removal efficiencies in ACT using AWBC- LDH (Mg-Al), AWBC- KOH, and AWBC- H3PO4 (around 95%), compared to the un-modified biochar (85%) at a contact time of 150 min. This improvement enhanced the equilibrium uptake of the modified biochar (1.15 -1.31fold) compared to the raw biochar. The kinetic study proved that the pseudo-second order model could fit the data better (values of R2 are more than 0.94), indicating that the process was mostly chemisorption. Isotherm studies indicated that the Langmuir model was preferable for all types of biochar (values of R2 are more than 0.92), indicating monolayer adsorption. Most of the functional groups appearing in the FTIR of raw biochar remain in the FTIR of the modified biochar, indicating that the modification did not change the carbon skeleton of biochar. Moreover, SEM images showed a clear difference in the morphology of biochars' surfaces as a consequence of modifications. The outcome of this research showes the ability of this biochar to adsorb ACT and the effectiveness of modification methods to improve the removal efficiencies.