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Profile of Microplastic Types and Soil Biological Response (CO2-C) in the Subsurface Layer: A Multi-Location Study of the Surabaya Landfill
 
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Department of environmental Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
 
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Autor do korespondencji
Slamet Wardoyo   

Department of environmental Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
 
 
 
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STRESZCZENIE
Background: Microplastic contamination has become an urgent environmental issue, with increasing evidence that its impacts are not limited to aquatic ecosystems but also extend to terrestrial ecosystems. Urban soils, particularly around temporary waste disposal sites (TWDS), are hotspots for microplastic accumulation that can alter soil physical-chemical properties and microbial activity. However, knowledge about the types of microplastics present in soils associated with TWDS and their effects on soil biological responses remains limited. Objective: This study aims to identify the profile of microplastic types and assess the biological response of sub-surface soil at various TPS in Surabaya, Indonesia. Method: Soil samples were collected from 19 TPS locations at a depth of 20–30 cm and analysed using FTIR spectroscopy to identify microplastics. Soil physical-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, moisture content, texture, and colour) were measured, while microbial activity was evaluated through CO₂–C respiration tests under controlled laboratory conditions. Results: Of the 19 sampling locations, 17 locations tested positive for microplastics. The dominant polymers identified were polyethylenimine (PEI) and synthetic polycationic polymers, followed by cellophane and formaldehyde resin. The number of microplastic types per location varied between 0 and 3, with the highest diversity found at the Srikana Airlangga TPS. The soil at all locations had a neutral pH (6.5–7.0), temperature of 25–34 °C, and humidity of 12–65%. Microbial respiration activity varied significantly, ranging from 0.18 mg CO2-C/kg/day at the Pasar Pahing TPS to 5.76 mg CO2 -C/kg/day at the Manyar Tirtomoyo and Tirtomoyo TPS, with an average of 3.59 mg CO2-C/kg/day. Locations dominated by cellophane and formaldehyde resin showed higher microbial respiration, while locations dominated by synthetic polycationic compounds exhibited lower activity. Conclusion: This study shows that microplastic contamination in the sub-surface soil of the Surabaya landfill is widespread, with a predominance of PEI and synthetic polycationic polymers. Variations in microbial respiration activity indicate that polymer type has a greater influence than total microplastic amount in determining soil biological response. These findings highlight the need for integrated waste management strategies that consider the impacts of microplastics on soil ecosystem functions.
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