Sustainable synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from waste tire-derived char using microwave pyrolysis
1
Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Smart and Sustainable Living, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
3
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Perak, Malaysia
4
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Corresponding author
Amani Hussein Sharaf Addin
Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Smart and Sustainable Living, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Smart and Sustainable Living, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
J. Ecol. Eng. 2025; 26(6):189-201
KEYWORDS
carbon nanomaterialscarbon nanofibersmicrowave-assisted pyrolysissustainable waste tire recyclingtire-derived char
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The increasing accumulation of non-biodegradable waste tires poses significant environmental challenges, necessitating innovative recycling solutions. This study investigates the use of waste tire-derived char (WTRC) for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) through microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Waste tire rubber crumbs (WTRCs) were pyrolyzed at 600 W for 20 minutes to produce char, which was subsequently purified and utilized as a precursor for CNMs synthesis. CNMs were synthesized using tire-derived char and ferrocene as a catalyst at varying microwave power levels (600–1000 W), reaction times (10–40 minutes), and catalyst-to-precursor ratios (25–100 wt%). Comprehensive characterization techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and FESEM, revealed that Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) synthesized at 1000 W under optimal conditions exhibited bamboo-shaped, tubular structures with diameters ranging from 425 to 881 nm. XRD confirmed the graphitic nature of the CNFs, while Raman spectroscopy indicated a moderate degree of graphitization (I
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