In order to determine the structure and composition of bentonite samples, X-ray phase, electron microscopic, thermal and spectral analyzes were conducted. Dioctahedral structured montmorillonite reflection d020 = 0.446 nm confirms that its layered arrangement contains two octahedral aluminum or magnesium layers separated by a tetrahedral silicon layer. The main sorption activity of the montmorillonite mineral is 54-56 mass% in the B1 clay sample, and about 54-57 mass% in the B2 sample. B1 and B2 clay SEM analysis, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, textural properties and copper (II) and lead (II) adsorption isotherms were obtained. Sample B2 has a larger micropore volume and average size compared to sample B1. Determination of lead (Pb) ions by photometry is based on the interaction of inorganic lead compounds with sulfarsazene, which gives the solutions a yellow-orange color. The absorbance is then measured at wavelength X = 540 nm. Research of the composition and structure of primary bentonite clays of alkaline and alkaline earth nature, their textural properties and adsorption activity towards organic and inorganic adsorbates was determined.