This research examines carbon dynamics and vegetation indices in oil palm plantations across Riau Province through an integrated analysis of carbon stocks, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE). Observations were conducted in six districts (Kampar, Siak, Pelalawan, Rokan Hulu, Indragiri Hulu, and Indragiri Hilir) from August 2022 to May 2024, using a nested sampling design focusing on productive oil palmsaged 8–16 years. Results showed significant variations in carbon stocks among districts, with Rokan Hulu and Indragiri Hilir consistently demonstrating the highest carbon storage capacity (41.43–43.46 tC·ha⁻¹). NDVI analysis revealed increasing values from 2022 to 2024, with Siak District reaching the highest value (0.81) in 2024. Meanwhile, NEE in all districts showed negative values (-1.64 to -1.82 gC/m²/day), indicating that oil palm plantations serve as net carbon sinks. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of carbon dynamics in oil palm plantation systems and their contribution to climate change mitigation, while highlighting the importance of sustainable management practices in optimizing carbon sequestration.