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Effects of productive integration (Dormitator latifrons–Oryza sativa) on water quality: evidence under tropical conditions
 
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1
Programa de Doctorado en Recursos Naturales y Gestión Sostenible, Universidad de Cordoba, España, 14071
 
2
Carrera de Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí Manuel Félix López, Calceta Sitio El Limón, Manabí, Ecuador, 130250
 
3
Investigador independiente
 
 
Corresponding author
Carlos Ricardo Delgado Villafuerte   

Programa de Doctorado en Recursos Naturales y Gestión Sostenible, Universidad de Cordoba, España, 14071
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
The research on water quality and productive performance of an integrated chame-rice system (Dormitator latifrons–Oryza sativa) was carried out in Calceta, Manabí (Ecuador). It was implemented as a rectangular waterproofed pool (9×6×1 m; 54 m²), operated with 27 m³ of groundwater and automatic level control. The number of fry was 180 fry (55 g; 16.7 cm) and 273 seedlings (15 cm), with a fish:plant ratio 1:1.52. Water quality was evaluated for 20 weeks using a flag-type sampling design (five points: four corners and center), with biweekly measurements (morning/afternoon) for physicochemical variables using standardized techniques (potentiometry, oximetry, conductimetry, spectrophotometry and volumetry) and for total coliform determinations on a monthly basis using (Petrifilm; MPN/100 mL). A stable aquatic environment compatible with integrated culture was evidenced: slightly alkaline pH (7.82–8.15), temperature (27.65–28.56 °C), dissolved oxygen (7.40–8.81 mg/L), conductivity (1.51–1.55 mS/cm), TDS (803.72–817 mg/L), moderate salinity (972–997 ppm), and turbidity (18.57–21.88 NTU). In contrast, total coliforms showed heterogeneity (21 to >2400 MPN/100 mL). At the production level, survival reached 76.11% (mortality 23.89% concentrated in the first week), with an increase in average weight from 52.53 g to 294.35 g (final biomass 40.33 kg). Rice reached 128.3 cm and produced 4.05 kg, with a vegetable-animal ratio of 0.10. On the other hand, the sludge generated showed high nutrient concentration (NO₃⁻ 390–2170 mg/kg; NO₂⁻ 290–1610 mg/kg; PO₄³⁻ 25,000–50,000 mg/kg). The MANOVA analysis confirmed a dominant temporal control (Month order, p<0.001) and absence of global spatial differences (Point, p=0.313), indicating that the monthly variation determines water quality. Demonstrating that the integrated system showed physicochemical stability during the production cycle and a zootechnical-agricultural performance, this performance evidences an effective use of nutrients within the system, the variability of coliforms and the high load of N and P in sludge indicate that the sediment acts as a biogeochemical reservoir and potential secondary source. therefore, sustainability depends on incorporating solids management and sanitary surveillance as structural components of the model.
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